Conference paper

• The battle for oil in the Dutch East Indies

  Oilfields can easily turn into battlefields. This happened more than once in the colony of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) in the 1940s, where Japanese, Dutch, Allied and Indonesian forces fought fierce battles over the control of the local oil facilities. With good reasons, because in those days the Netherlands East Indies was one of the world’s biggest oil exporters.

  It all started in Telaga Said I, in northern Sumatra, in the Mid-1880s, where the first oil was discovered in the thick jungle. Shortly afterwards, in the Mid-1890s, in the swampy south of Sumatra oil of a better quality was found. As a result, nearby Palembang, an ancient city with harbour facilities, quickly mushroomed into a vibrant oil industry city, and the small kampoeng Pladjoei (Plaju), about eight kilometers further along the River Moesi (Musi), became a spider in an enormous petroleum infrastructure. The Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Petroleumbronnen in Nederlands-Indië (1890) formed in 1907 a subsidiary named the Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM/Shell) and built at Pladjoe the largest, most productive and modern refinery of Southeast Asia of its time. The scale of operations grew over time and the BPM planned a comprehensive company town with administration buildings, refineries and jetties for mooring tankers, pipelines, (rail) roads, and designed living quarters for its employees along a rectangular grid, including modern bungalows with shady gardens, shops, schools, sports fields and a church etc. Eventually, the BPM and the municipality of Palembang as the main oil actors created together a petroleumscapeii: a coherent network of spaces around the psychical and financial flows and interests of petroleum in the urban environment.

  These times of prosperity and peace all suddenly came to an end when war and revolution broke out in the colony of the Dutch East Indies in the 1940s. As a result, the oil empire of the BPM was at risk. Based on both archival research and secondary sources, this paper elaborates on how the BPM spatially and economically planned its huge industrial oil-footprint at Pladjoe and safeguarded these oil facilities against all kinds of brutal intrusions and destructions during the Pacific War (1942-1945) and Indonesia’s struggle for independence (1945-1949). Remarkably, in reaching this goal and in their effort to restore the pre-war situation of peace and prosperity, the BPM’s captains of industry, Dutch Army commanders and politicians in the government seats of both Batavia and The Hague worked closely together. Constantly using oil as an economical weapon.

  Oilfields can easily turn into battlefields. This happened more than once in the colony of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) in the 1940s, where Japanese, Dutch, Allied and Indonesian forces fought fierce battles over the control of the local oil facilities. With good reasons, because in those days the Netherlands East Indies was one of the world’s biggest oil exporters.

  It all started in Telaga Said I, in northern Sumatra, in the Mid-1880s, where the first oil was discovered in the thick jungle. Shortly afterwards, in the Mid-1890s, in the swampy south of Sumatra oil of a better quality was found. As a result, nearby Palembang, an ancient city with harbour facilities, quickly mushroomed into a vibrant oil industry city, and the small kampoeng Pladjoei (Plaju), about eight kilometers further along the River Moesi (Musi), became a spider in an enormous petroleum infrastructure. The Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Petroleumbronnen in...

  Oilfields can easily turn into battlefields. This happened more than once in the colony of the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) in the 1940s, where Japanese, Dutch, Allied and Indonesian forces fought fierce battles over the control of the local oil facilities. With good reasons, because in those...

  Ben de Vries

  137-148

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• Daqing Oil Cluster

  Since the mid-20th century, the Chinese government in collaboration with various governmental petroleum authorities, first with the Ministry of Petroleum and later with state-owned companies, has transformed the built environment on multiple levels, creating interrelated infrastructures and production sites, installing refineries and petrochemical industries, constructing dedicated oil ports, building workers’ housing and educational, health or leisure facilities, effectively creating a palimpsestic petroleumscape. The development of Daqing oil field can be the best representor showing the how the Chinese government shaped the built environment and people’s lifestyle. Urban form in Daqing has changed extensively after the Chinese Economic Reform in early-1980s when the national policy shifted to complete and optimize the infrastructure and civic facilities. The recent national policies of the OBOR Initiative, which aims at balancing the economic sustainability and environmental preservation and Revitalizing the Old Industrial Bases in China have helped develop Daqing at the regional scale, Moreover, these national plans aim at balancing two potentially conflicting objectives: economic development and ecological sustainability. This paper explores in which manner the national policies and local spatial plans of Daqing have transform Daqing from the old oil mining district to the domestic oil hub, then to a sustainable oil cluster.

  Since the mid-20th century, the Chinese government in collaboration with various governmental petroleum authorities, first with the Ministry of Petroleum and later with state-owned companies, has transformed the built environment on multiple levels, creating interrelated infrastructures and production sites, installing refineries and petrochemical industries, constructing dedicated oil ports, building workers’ housing and educational, health or leisure facilities, effectively creating a palimpsestic petroleumscape. The development of Daqing oil field can be the best representor showing the how the Chinese government shaped the built environment and people’s lifestyle. Urban form in Daqing has changed extensively after the Chinese Economic Reform in early-1980s when the national policy shifted to complete and optimize the infrastructure and civic facilities. The recent national policies of the OBOR Initiative, which aims at balancing the economic sustainability and...

  Since the mid-20th century, the Chinese government in collaboration with various governmental petroleum authorities, first with the Ministry of Petroleum and later with state-owned companies, has transformed the built environment on multiple levels, creating interrelated infrastructures and...

  Penglin Zhu

  149-156

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• Shaping Ahwaz' transnational oil modernity

  Through the lens of flows of petroleum, a key commodity of the 20th century, to revisit local urban histories, this paper contributes to the growing literature on transnational and cross-cultural urbanism. It argues that oil created a unique network of international stakeholders (British, German, and American), from various disciplines and professions (engineering, architecture and urban planning) who collaborated to build modern industrial cities adjacent to Iranian oil fields, much of which were found in previously uninhabited areas. Focussing on the development of the southern city of Ahwaz between 1908 and the start of the Iran-Iraq war in 1980, this paper explores how catering to the different facets of the oil industry (oil extraction, transformation, administration, infrastructure and retail), created a cosmopolitan built environment composed of a variety of architectural styles and urban planning approaches. The diverse actors who co-shaped Iran’s oil cities also impacted people's lifestyles through new spatial arrangements. These international actors transformed and localized the global flows of ideas and created native processes of modernization. Albeit their good intentions, many of these actors failed to respond to the needs of the people on the ground and thereby contributed to creating social gaps among different strata of the society. Cosmopolitanism in architecture was thusly limited to styles and forms, rather than a truly just and democratic cosmopolitan society.

  Through the lens of flows of petroleum, a key commodity of the 20th century, to revisit local urban histories, this paper contributes to the growing literature on transnational and cross-cultural urbanism. It argues that oil created a unique network of international stakeholders (British, German, and American), from various disciplines and professions (engineering, architecture and urban planning) who collaborated to build modern industrial cities adjacent to Iranian oil fields, much of which were found in previously uninhabited areas. Focussing on the development of the southern city of Ahwaz between 1908 and the start of the Iran-Iraq war in 1980, this paper explores how catering to the different facets of the oil industry (oil extraction, transformation, administration, infrastructure and retail), created a cosmopolitan built environment composed of a variety of architectural styles and urban planning approaches. The diverse actors who co-shaped Iran’s oil cities also...

  Through the lens of flows of petroleum, a key commodity of the 20th century, to revisit local urban histories, this paper contributes to the growing literature on transnational and cross-cultural urbanism. It argues that oil created a unique network of international stakeholders (British,...

  Rezvan Sarkhosh

  160-171

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• The urban change in modern Shanghai descript by urban maps, 1840s-1930s

  The urban change in modern Shanghai is a complex process which fused a lot of reasons in many ways. It is also the most important window to understand the urban modernization in china coastal city. This paper described the process of urban modernization in modern Shanghai according the analysis of the map of modern shanghai urban renewal. It separated to three parts. The first part, from river to sea, new and old existed together. Following the port opening, the old Chengxiang area and the new settlements area dramatic existed together. The second part, from street to the road. The new city views in settlements influenced the old town. The administrative department initiated the original change in Chengxiang area concentrate on building roads. And the influence from old land shape to the settlement’s road plan was different in British and French settlement. The third part, port areas and the city. With the city development, the bund function changed. And the relationship of Shiliupu dock and Chengxiang area was intimate. The general city structure

  The urban change in modern Shanghai is a complex process which fused a lot of reasons in many ways. It is also the most important window to understand the urban modernization in china coastal city. This paper described the process of urban modernization in modern Shanghai according the analysis of the map of modern shanghai urban renewal. It separated to three parts. The first part, from river to sea, new and old existed together. Following the port opening, the old Chengxiang area and the new settlements area dramatic existed together. The second part, from street to the road. The new city views in settlements influenced the old town. The administrative department initiated the original change in Chengxiang area concentrate on building roads. And the influence from old land shape to the settlement’s road plan was different in British and French settlement. The third part, port areas and the city. With the city development, the bund function changed. And the relationship of...

  The urban change in modern Shanghai is a complex process which fused a lot of reasons in many ways. It is also the most important window to understand the urban modernization in china coastal city. This paper described the process of urban modernization in modern Shanghai according the...

  Gao Xi, Peng Nu

  175-184

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• The Griffin Plan for Shanghai, 1904-1906

  An event in Yokohama in January 1906 – the accidental death of the Chinese trade commissioner to Japan, Huang Kaijia (1860-1906)– seems to have ended one of the most intriguing city planning ventures of the early modern era. Two years previously, as Imperial Vice Commissioner to the St Louis Exposition, Huang Kaijia was almost certainly the ‘delegate from the Chinese government’ who commissioned the design of a ‘new city at Shanghai’ from the American architect and landscape architect Walter Burley Griffin (1876-1937). This paper reviews the testimony emanating from Griffin and his colleagues on which the claim for a Shanghai city plan from 1904-1906 is based; the modernising impulses in Shanghai at the time; and the broader context of ‘New China’ reforms initiated by the Qing Dynasty in the first decade of the twentieth century. From the available descriptions, the following details of the proposal can be established. First, the project was a Chinese initiative, not a ‘colonial’ venture associated with the Foreign Settlements. Second, the proposal involved ‘a modern city on a new site’ located ‘a few miles’ from the traditional walled city. Third, the project was conceived as an alternative to the ‘narrow streets, swarming tenements and insanitary areas’ of the ‘old city’ – and, indeed, included the proposal to ‘abandon the old city.’ Fourth, Griffin ‘drew the plans for the new Shanghai in detail.’ Based on archival research, critical review of contemporary newspaper accounts and recent scholarship on the ‘tradition vs modernity’ debate in Chinese historiography, the paper seeks to address the question, what does the fragmentary evidence of the ‘Griffin Plan for Shanghai’ tell us about innovation and change in urban thinking before the Chinese of revolution of 1911; the continuity of ideas across the revolutionary divide; and the distinctive fusion of modernity and poetic power in the successor to the Shanghai scheme in the Griffin oeuvre, the winning entry in the Australian Federal Capital competition of 1911-1912.

  An event in Yokohama in January 1906 – the accidental death of the Chinese trade commissioner to Japan, Huang Kaijia (1860-1906)– seems to have ended one of the most intriguing city planning ventures of the early modern era. Two years previously, as Imperial Vice Commissioner to the St Louis Exposition, Huang Kaijia was almost certainly the ‘delegate from the Chinese government’ who commissioned the design of a ‘new city at Shanghai’ from the American architect and landscape architect Walter Burley Griffin (1876-1937). This paper reviews the testimony emanating from Griffin and his colleagues on which the claim for a Shanghai city plan from 1904-1906 is based; the modernising impulses in Shanghai at the time; and the broader context of ‘New China’ reforms initiated by the Qing Dynasty in the first decade of the twentieth century. From the available descriptions, the following details of the proposal can be established. First, the project was a Chinese initiative,...

  An event in Yokohama in January 1906 – the accidental death of the Chinese trade commissioner to Japan, Huang Kaijia (1860-1906)– seems to have ended one of the most intriguing city planning ventures of the early modern era. Two years previously, as Imperial Vice Commissioner to the St...

  James Weirick

  185-195

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• Dilemma Between Density and Quality

  This paper investigates the unique urban planning history and demographic changes in Sinan Road (also named as Rue Massenet) Area of Shanghai and the socioeconomic impacts on local inhabitants’ living quality led by formal and informal planning dynamics. Examining both tangible and intangible characteristics of this area under five different historical phases, this paper indicates that population density and urban quality cannot always be positively or negatively related. Urban quality can reach the maximum value when area population of concentrated density stays in an ideal state, although, as a result of the qualitative variates, such state (peak value) is in suspense. Through analysing the overarching strategic plan of different periods, it also argues that urban quality is not merely dominated by or directly related to density but more by the population’s social demands and their initial interaction with a specific area, active or passive involvement.

  This paper investigates the unique urban planning history and demographic changes in Sinan Road (also named as Rue Massenet) Area of Shanghai and the socioeconomic impacts on local inhabitants’ living quality led by formal and informal planning dynamics. Examining both tangible and intangible characteristics of this area under five different historical phases, this paper indicates that population density and urban quality cannot always be positively or negatively related. Urban quality can reach the maximum value when area population of concentrated density stays in an ideal state, although, as a result of the qualitative variates, such state (peak value) is in suspense. Through analysing the overarching strategic plan of different periods, it also argues that urban quality is not merely dominated by or directly related to density but more by the population’s social demands and their initial interaction with a specific area, active or passive involvement.

  This paper investigates the unique urban planning history and demographic changes in Sinan Road (also named as Rue Massenet) Area of Shanghai and the socioeconomic impacts on local inhabitants’ living quality led by formal and informal planning dynamics. Examining both tangible and...

  Kaiyi Zhu

  209-218

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• Studies on external transportation development and spatial structure transformation of modern Kunming from a Southeast Asian perspective, 1885- 1945

  From a regional perspective of Southeast Asia, the paper focuses on Kunming, a gateway between China and Southeast Asian countries. The research elucidates the planning ideas and construction process of external routes, via both land and air, such as Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, Yunnan-Burma Railway, Burma Road, Stilwell Road and Hump Airline in early 20th century. These external routes became the arteries of cargo transportation, and Kunming became a regional economic center and military command center during wartime. The paper further reveals the transformation of Kunming’s spatial structures influenced by these external routes, which accelerated Kunming’s urban growth along the traffic lines. The city center shifted to the Station area, where industrial and commercial developments also congregated. New industrial zones were planned to the east and north of the old city, where new passages brought more convenient transportations. The internal road network plan also emphasized the connection with new railway station and bus stations. The research construes the planning ideas and implementation, traces their theoretical origins, and uncovers their indigenous considerations.

  From a regional perspective of Southeast Asia, the paper focuses on Kunming, a gateway between China and Southeast Asian countries. The research elucidates the planning ideas and construction process of external routes, via both land and air, such as Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, Yunnan-Burma Railway, Burma Road, Stilwell Road and Hump Airline in early 20th century. These external routes became the arteries of cargo transportation, and Kunming became a regional economic center and military command center during wartime. The paper further reveals the transformation of Kunming’s spatial structures influenced by these external routes, which accelerated Kunming’s urban growth along the traffic lines. The city center shifted to the Station area, where industrial and commercial developments also congregated. New industrial zones were planned to the east and north of the old city, where new passages brought more convenient transportations. The internal road network plan also emphasized...

  From a regional perspective of Southeast Asia, the paper focuses on Kunming, a gateway between China and Southeast Asian countries. The research elucidates the planning ideas and construction process of external routes, via both land and air, such as Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, Yunnan-Burma...

  Tianje Zhang, Yuqi Zhang

  209-218

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• McPublic Spaces

  This paper analyses the role of McDonald’s in Hong Kong as a consumption-oriented place where the production of social space happens under the constraints of the market’s spectacle and speculations. McDonald’s in Hong Kong have evolved from the original aesthetics of the company, with a colorful postmodern cafeteria look, to the latest concept “Next” with a bold design, neat materiality, touch screens and open layout. Throughout this process, its restaurant design and polices have evolved by appropriating the rhythms of the city and its citizens. Whereas Hong Kong’s city escape is commonly perceived as the product of top down strategies carried out by “coalitions” between public institutions and private corporations, McDonald’s offers a case study of informal activities influencing the way a global enterprise develops. Its new “Next” concept might be seen as an attempt to anticipate informality. Two opposing ideas underlie this “open look”: the aim to homogenize customers through the sanitation of the space, versus the provision of neutral spaces to allow for the occurrence of heterogeneity. The presence of the screen as an intermediary between the restaurant and its customers empowers a dichotomy between an impersonal fast food service and current paradigms that aim to prioritize people and food.

  This paper analyses the role of McDonald’s in Hong Kong as a consumption-oriented place where the production of social space happens under the constraints of the market’s spectacle and speculations. McDonald’s in Hong Kong have evolved from the original aesthetics of the company, with a colorful postmodern cafeteria look, to the latest concept “Next” with a bold design, neat materiality, touch screens and open layout. Throughout this process, its restaurant design and polices have evolved by appropriating the rhythms of the city and its citizens. Whereas Hong Kong’s city escape is commonly perceived as the product of top down strategies carried out by “coalitions” between public institutions and private corporations, McDonald’s offers a case study of informal activities influencing the way a global enterprise develops. Its new “Next” concept might be seen as an attempt to anticipate informality. Two opposing ideas underlie this “open look”: the aim to...

  This paper analyses the role of McDonald’s in Hong Kong as a consumption-oriented place where the production of social space happens under the constraints of the market’s spectacle and speculations. McDonald’s in Hong Kong have evolved from the original aesthetics of the company, with a...

  Diego Caro

  219-228

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• Succession of the image of the city in the movement for urban design by local proprietors in Ginza from pre-war to post-war

  This paper revealed the development of the movement for urban design by local proprietors in Ginza, Tokyo from 1930’s to 1960’s. Ginza Street is known as one of the first modern style streets in Japan. This street has developed greatly by modern buildings and advanced urban design methods in modern times and after although it has also suffered serious damage twice by Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) and bombing in 1945. Therefore, buildings and urban space have seen repeated reconstruction and renewal until today. On the other hand, if we pay attention to local proprietors, we can understand that they have developed the movement for urban design of Ginza Street continuously and succeeded the awareness of the issues toward urban space. So this paper finds a new historical context of Ginza through the elucidation of development of their movement from viewpoints of how the awareness of the issues and the image of spaces have changed.

  This paper revealed the development of the movement for urban design by local proprietors in Ginza, Tokyo from 1930’s to 1960’s. Ginza Street is known as one of the first modern style streets in Japan. This street has developed greatly by modern buildings and advanced urban design methods in modern times and after although it has also suffered serious damage twice by Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) and bombing in 1945. Therefore, buildings and urban space have seen repeated reconstruction and renewal until today. On the other hand, if we pay attention to local proprietors, we can understand that they have developed the movement for urban design of Ginza Street continuously and succeeded the awareness of the issues toward urban space. So this paper finds a new historical context of Ginza through the elucidation of development of their movement from viewpoints of how the awareness of the issues and the image of spaces have changed.

  This paper revealed the development of the movement for urban design by local proprietors in Ginza, Tokyo from 1930’s to 1960’s. Ginza Street is known as one of the first modern style streets in Japan. This street has developed greatly by modern buildings and advanced urban design methods...

  Takahiro Miyashita

  288-297

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• Study on the spatial planning of the secondary station

  During the Chinese Eastern Railway construction (1897-1903), a large amount of areas attached to railway station-located areas had been constructed and developed constantly, which therefore facilities the emergence of new type morphology of cluster arising from the railway in northeast China. And the towns’ morphology of this period had had the profound influence on the subsequent the towns’ development in northeast China. In this research, the author himself went to St. Petersburg in Russia and to check and collect files in Russian National History Archives, from which a large amount of basic files about city construction during the period of the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway have been generated; then, based on the above materials (ages and number), the research period (construction of Chinese Eastern Railway 1897-1903) , objects (railway stations along the main lines of Chinese Eastern Railway:) and sample (Station Hailar and Suifenhe )are determined; Thirdly, the historic planning drawings and towns’ construction for two stations are translated to extract the planning information ,earlier city construction, social economy development , location features, land layout, texture of street profile, street transport, buildings’ texture, landscape greening and other basic elements of towns’ morphology. Two towns are compared to conclude the typical structural pattern and morphology. Ultimately, Russian style station in Suifenhe City is taken to conduct field research and empirical analysis and explicit the conservation content of historic features as well as propose the conservation ides depending on the principles of completeness and authenticity. After hundreds of years, the Russian style stations during the Chinese Eastern Railway have developed into to the commercial centers, which dominate in the modern city. Although the features of earlier Russian style stations have been broken, these centers still demonstrate strong sense of environment and landscape as Russian style colonial city. This research intends to explore the planning content of earlier stations to restores the planning elements of earlier cities with the ultimate aim to reveal the historical landscape of the towns, which is greatly significant to the conservation of urban historical features.

  During the Chinese Eastern Railway construction (1897-1903), a large amount of areas attached to railway station-located areas had been constructed and developed constantly, which therefore facilities the emergence of new type morphology of cluster arising from the railway in northeast China. And the towns’ morphology of this period had had the profound influence on the subsequent the towns’ development in northeast China. In this research, the author himself went to St. Petersburg in Russia and to check and collect files in Russian National History Archives, from which a large amount of basic files about city construction during the period of the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway have been generated; then, based on the above materials (ages and number), the research period (construction of Chinese Eastern Railway 1897-1903) , objects (railway stations along the main lines of Chinese Eastern Railway:) and sample (Station Hailar and Suifenhe )are determined; Thirdly, the...

  During the Chinese Eastern Railway construction (1897-1903), a large amount of areas attached to railway station-located areas had been constructed and developed constantly, which therefore facilities the emergence of new type morphology of cluster arising from the railway in northeast China....

  Bocheng Zhang, Zhiqing Zhao, Qinglian Wang

  301-310

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• History matters in making Lahore sustainable

  Lahore, the second-largest city of Pakistan, is facing sharp population growth and economic development coupled with increased motorisation and a deteriorating urban environment. This is due to a long history of investment into roads and low-density suburban housing development in Lahore which increases motorisation. This paper provides a historical overview of urban planning in Lahore by shedding light on the Mughal and the British period of development followed by the post-independence planning paradigm in the city. This paper examines the contradictions and uncertainties that have characterised urban planning in Lahore in the pre and post-independence period by using a sustainable city and sustainable transport literature. The analysis shows that Lahore traditionally attracted investment in the high-quality roads infrastructure (flyovers, underpasses and a ring road) and recently in the country first ever Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system (2013) and Metro Train project (2018) in the city. The paper argues that the Lahore BRT and Metro train projects can provide a window of opportunity to redefine transport and land use issues and offer a transit-oriented development (TOD) solutions in Lahore.

  Lahore, the second-largest city of Pakistan, is facing sharp population growth and economic development coupled with increased motorisation and a deteriorating urban environment. This is due to a long history of investment into roads and low-density suburban housing development in Lahore which increases motorisation. This paper provides a historical overview of urban planning in Lahore by shedding light on the Mughal and the British period of development followed by the post-independence planning paradigm in the city. This paper examines the contradictions and uncertainties that have characterised urban planning in Lahore in the pre and post-independence period by using a sustainable city and sustainable transport literature. The analysis shows that Lahore traditionally attracted investment in the high-quality roads infrastructure (flyovers, underpasses and a ring road) and recently in the country first ever Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system (2013) and Metro Train project (2018) in...

  Lahore, the second-largest city of Pakistan, is facing sharp population growth and economic development coupled with increased motorisation and a deteriorating urban environment. This is due to a long history of investment into roads and low-density suburban housing development in Lahore which...

  Muhammad Imran, Abid Mehmood, Abdur Rehman Cheema

  311-320

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• Ankara commuter line as the product and witness of modern planning experience in Turkey

  Evolution of commuter rail transit systems has always served a tight relationship with the development of urban planning theory and practice. Commuter rail development in Ankara has a peculiar history begun with the pronunciation of Ankara as the capital city of the new regime in 1923, as opposed to its numerous contemporaries which had emerged as the lasting effects of Industrial Revolution on cities. In the earlier plans representing the culturalist school of spatial organization, Ankara commuter line was recognized as a planning tool in the designation of the rural-urban continuum, urban green network, community spaces and logistic centers. The commuter line together with adjoined uses, today, might be a remarkable case in the broad identification of the railway heritage assets as well as the complementary relationship between urban morphology and history. Besides being a mass transport service covering approximately 37 km distance, the line provides planning opportunities in consolidating the fragmented historic properties (historic villages, landed estates, industrial areas etc.) of the Republican period plans and discovering the spatial interactions generated by the railway lines. In this respect, the aim of this study is to reveal the significance of Ankara Commuter Line as a city planning legacy by mapping its earlier development and accompanied built and landscape heritages.

  Evolution of commuter rail transit systems has always served a tight relationship with the development of urban planning theory and practice. Commuter rail development in Ankara has a peculiar history begun with the pronunciation of Ankara as the capital city of the new regime in 1923, as opposed to its numerous contemporaries which had emerged as the lasting effects of Industrial Revolution on cities. In the earlier plans representing the culturalist school of spatial organization, Ankara commuter line was recognized as a planning tool in the designation of the rural-urban continuum, urban green network, community spaces and logistic centers. The commuter line together with adjoined uses, today, might be a remarkable case in the broad identification of the railway heritage assets as well as the complementary relationship between urban morphology and history. Besides being a mass transport service covering approximately 37 km distance, the line provides planning opportunities in...

  Evolution of commuter rail transit systems has always served a tight relationship with the development of urban planning theory and practice. Commuter rail development in Ankara has a peculiar history begun with the pronunciation of Ankara as the capital city of the new regime in 1923, as...

  Selin Cavdar Sert, Funda Bas Butuner, Ela Alanyah Aral

  321-329

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• Institutional changes and the Shifting Power Network

  In this paper, the authors introduce the issue of institution as a factor of considerable significance. Based on field investigation and historical geography analysis, inquiring port plans, policy documents, laws and regulations as the basic historical data, the authors try to review the process of developing Wusong Port in the twentieth century and analyse the dynamic mechanism of its evolution from the perspective of institutional changes. The first section of this paper provides an overview of the development trajectory of Wusong Port, which focuses on its functions and locations changes. The second section briefly discusses the shifting power network that had historically governed the port and analyses relationship between the port and the city. The impact of administrative zoning adjustment is particularly mentioned, since the changes of the function of Wusong port were always accompanied by it. The third section explores the planning of the Wusong port in different historical periods. This article provides evidence that government-led port exploitation plays a great role in the fundamental change of Wusong Port -- from a naval port, to a commercial port, to an industrial port, and finally an international cruise port.

  In this paper, the authors introduce the issue of institution as a factor of considerable significance. Based on field investigation and historical geography analysis, inquiring port plans, policy documents, laws and regulations as the basic historical data, the authors try to review the process of developing Wusong Port in the twentieth century and analyse the dynamic mechanism of its evolution from the perspective of institutional changes. The first section of this paper provides an overview of the development trajectory of Wusong Port, which focuses on its functions and locations changes. The second section briefly discusses the shifting power network that had historically governed the port and analyses relationship between the port and the city. The impact of administrative zoning adjustment is particularly mentioned, since the changes of the function of Wusong port were always accompanied by it. The third section explores the planning of the Wusong port in different...

  In this paper, the authors introduce the issue of institution as a factor of considerable significance. Based on field investigation and historical geography analysis, inquiring port plans, policy documents, laws and regulations as the basic historical data, the authors try to review the...

  Hao Jiang, Li Hou

  333-340

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• The land reclamation along the Hai-Ho river and the birth of modern Tianjin (1897-1937)

  Within the early decades of the twentieth century, the city of Tianjin transformed from a traditional trade terminal to a modern city. The size of settlement expanded more than 10 times during these years which made Tianjin the second largest city in China at that time. For the special natural environment, the topography cannot be neglected in this process. By analyzing of the aquatic environment and topographic condition along the Hai-Ho River, comparing Chinese traditional attitude to water and modern concept of hygiene, and reviewing urban development of concessions before 20th century, this paper argue that land reclamation was a vital and necessary work in building a modern city. Using archive of land filling of Hai-Ho Conservancy Commission, the paper explores the process of land reclamation along the Hai-Ho River and examines the important role of the commission, new filling method and technology in this process. It then focuses on the development of the concessions on the west bank of the river and examines how the land filling evolved in the complex relationship and played an important role.

  Within the early decades of the twentieth century, the city of Tianjin transformed from a traditional trade terminal to a modern city. The size of settlement expanded more than 10 times during these years which made Tianjin the second largest city in China at that time. For the special natural environment, the topography cannot be neglected in this process. By analyzing of the aquatic environment and topographic condition along the Hai-Ho River, comparing Chinese traditional attitude to water and modern concept of hygiene, and reviewing urban development of concessions before 20th century, this paper argue that land reclamation was a vital and necessary work in building a modern city. Using archive of land filling of Hai-Ho Conservancy Commission, the paper explores the process of land reclamation along the Hai-Ho River and examines the important role of the commission, new filling method and technology in this process. It then focuses on the development of the concessions on the...

  Within the early decades of the twentieth century, the city of Tianjin transformed from a traditional trade terminal to a modern city. The size of settlement expanded more than 10 times during these years which made Tianjin the second largest city in China at that time. For the special natural...

  Rui Ma

  341-351

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• Historical waterfront of Rio de Janeiro

  This article seeks to analyse recent urban transformations and the conceptual bases that have been in force in the Urban Rehabilitation Project of Rio de Janeiro's waterfront. An attempt is made at establishing a connection between the development of the area, the evolution of the city's history, the activities carried out at the port, an its conversion to new uses. An analysis of the spatial transformations is done, especially in the 7-year (2009-16) span of the initial implementation of the ongoing ‘Porto Maravilha’ [Marvel Port] urban project, with the mapping of new and old urban fabric and infrastructure; bibliographical research on historiographical studies, city administration players, and technicians to unveil processes that concern urban projects as contemporary tools for land valuation. As a conclusion, we point that despite the major work recently carried out as a product of the Urban Operation Consortium Law guidelines, only 9% of the urban land stock has been negotiated, contradicting even the pessimistic forecasts of 50%. The area lacks an Integrated Urban Plan with a public policy approach, especially to foster housing as a key element for liveable neighbourhoods and a stronger connection with the green infrastructure of the Guanabara Bay ecosystem.

  This article seeks to analyse recent urban transformations and the conceptual bases that have been in force in the Urban Rehabilitation Project of Rio de Janeiro's waterfront. An attempt is made at establishing a connection between the development of the area, the evolution of the city's history, the activities carried out at the port, an its conversion to new uses. An analysis of the spatial transformations is done, especially in the 7-year (2009-16) span of the initial implementation of the ongoing ‘Porto Maravilha’ [Marvel Port] urban project, with the mapping of new and old urban fabric and infrastructure; bibliographical research on historiographical studies, city administration players, and technicians to unveil processes that concern urban projects as contemporary tools for land valuation. As a conclusion, we point that despite the major work recently carried out as a product of the Urban Operation Consortium Law guidelines, only 9% of the urban land stock has been...

  This article seeks to analyse recent urban transformations and the conceptual bases that have been in force in the Urban Rehabilitation Project of Rio de Janeiro's waterfront. An attempt is made at establishing a connection between the development of the area, the evolution of the city's...

  Fabiana Generoso de Izaga, Amanda Barbosa de Silveira

  353-362

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• Tayabas

  The historiography of the City Beautiful in the Philippines has, in broad terms, been dominated by two American planners, Daniel Burnham and William E. Parsons. In some ways this is to be expected: both individuals were known to have strong personalities; Burnham’s monumental 1905 plans for Manila and Baguio were central to a new urban design paradigm being manufactured in the country, a planning model which replaced the Spanish colonial spatial model based in the Law of the Indies (1573); and, Parsons from 1906 to 1914 as Consulting Architect to the Philippine Commission propagated the City Beautiful via comprehensive city plans and grand civic centre projects. But where in the Philippine City Beautiful narrative do Filipino planners fit? To date their role in the city planning picture during the American colonial era has been, at best, portrayed as minimal. However, given the author’s recent uncovering of new planning works by Filipinos, e.g. in Tayabas and Iloilo Province, is it pertinent to ask if planning historiography needs to be revised?

  The historiography of the City Beautiful in the Philippines has, in broad terms, been dominated by two American planners, Daniel Burnham and William E. Parsons. In some ways this is to be expected: both individuals were known to have strong personalities; Burnham’s monumental 1905 plans for Manila and Baguio were central to a new urban design paradigm being manufactured in the country, a planning model which replaced the Spanish colonial spatial model based in the Law of the Indies (1573); and, Parsons from 1906 to 1914 as Consulting Architect to the Philippine Commission propagated the City Beautiful via comprehensive city plans and grand civic centre projects. But where in the Philippine City Beautiful narrative do Filipino planners fit? To date their role in the city planning picture during the American colonial era has been, at best, portrayed as minimal. However, given the author’s recent uncovering of new planning works by Filipinos, e.g. in Tayabas and Iloilo Province,...

  The historiography of the City Beautiful in the Philippines has, in broad terms, been dominated by two American planners, Daniel Burnham and William E. Parsons. In some ways this is to be expected: both individuals were known to have strong personalities; Burnham’s monumental 1905 plans for...

  Ian Morley

  366-374

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• The role of post-war reconstruction planning in Hiroshima' image-shift to a Peace Memorial City

  In the wake of war, cities’ path to recovery is hindered by a large-scale destruction which is usually combined with issues such as post-war financial difficulties, and complex property rights. During reconstruction, urban areas encounter different drivers of recovery that define the future direction of

  In the wake of war, cities’ path to recovery is hindered by a large-scale destruction which is usually combined with issues such as post-war financial difficulties, and complex property rights. During reconstruction, urban areas encounter different drivers of recovery that define the future direction of

  In the wake of war, cities’ path to recovery is hindered by a large-scale destruction which is usually combined with issues such as post-war financial difficulties, and complex property rights. During reconstruction, urban areas encounter different drivers of recovery that define the future...

  Allam Alkazei, Kosuke Matsubara

  378-388

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• Studies on the relation to plan-making of conception of Hiroshima Peace City construction plan after the winning of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park competition by Kenzo Tange

  The price winning proposal by Architect Kenzo Tange (and his associate group) for the Peace Memorial Park competition in Hiroshima in 1949 is well known and extensively documented. Less research exists on the planning of the Peace Memorial Park Design and the Hiroshima City Reconstruction Plan focused on the concept of the Peace City. This paper examines the process of the preparation of the Peace City Construction Plan in Hiroshima between 1949 and 1952. It analyses several planning documents and explores how Kenzo Tange contributed to the plan-making in collaboration with staff from the Hiroshima City office and other members of the business community. It argues that while parts of the plan were already set before Tange’s arrival in Hiroshima, he and his staff had a large impact on select aspects of the plan. Tange proposed his unique planning concept and purpose to Hiroshima City planners and members of the business community and several of his ideas were realized. The analysis of various drafts and plans, points to specific areas where the input of Tange is visible, notably in more idealistic visions, more English wording, and also in the specification of building structures. The paper also highlights the particular impact from planning staff, notably focused on the implementation and funding of the plan. In conclusion, the paper demonstrates the need for a careful analysis of the process from vision to plan and the interaction between external architects and their visions and local planning agencies and their needs and requirements.

  The price winning proposal by Architect Kenzo Tange (and his associate group) for the Peace Memorial Park competition in Hiroshima in 1949 is well known and extensively documented. Less research exists on the planning of the Peace Memorial Park Design and the Hiroshima City Reconstruction Plan focused on the concept of the Peace City. This paper examines the process of the preparation of the Peace City Construction Plan in Hiroshima between 1949 and 1952. It analyses several planning documents and explores how Kenzo Tange contributed to the plan-making in collaboration with staff from the Hiroshima City office and other members of the business community. It argues that while parts of the plan were already set before Tange’s arrival in Hiroshima, he and his staff had a large impact on select aspects of the plan. Tange proposed his unique planning concept and purpose to Hiroshima City planners and members of the business community and several of his ideas were realized. The...

  The price winning proposal by Architect Kenzo Tange (and his associate group) for the Peace Memorial Park competition in Hiroshima in 1949 is well known and extensively documented. Less research exists on the planning of the Peace Memorial Park Design and the Hiroshima City Reconstruction Plan...

  Norioki Ishemaru

  389-340

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• A comparative study on the construction mechanism of urban public space in modern Shanghai and Yokohama

  In the 19th century, after experienced the " open port " and " port opening ", Shanghai and Yokohama opened to the world, became the important ports for Europe and the United States in East Asia. In the view of different historical geography, background and management, Shanghai and Yokohama show different development processes and characteristics. On the basis of briefing the modern urban and social background of Shanghai and Yokohama, this paper analyses the similarities and differences from the aspects of urban forms, architecture scene, park space, based on these, try to conclude the reasons from the system policy, concept cognition, and the management feedback, supposes to place the studies in a broader perspective, understands the construction mechanism of the Modern East Asian cities.

  In the 19th century, after experienced the " open port " and " port opening ", Shanghai and Yokohama opened to the world, became the important ports for Europe and the United States in East Asia. In the view of different historical geography, background and management, Shanghai and Yokohama show different development processes and characteristics. On the basis of briefing the modern urban and social background of Shanghai and Yokohama, this paper analyses the similarities and differences from the aspects of urban forms, architecture scene, park space, based on these, try to conclude the reasons from the system policy, concept cognition, and the management feedback, supposes to place the studies in a broader perspective, understands the construction mechanism of the Modern East Asian cities.

  In the 19th century, after experienced the " open port " and " port opening ", Shanghai and Yokohama opened to the world, became the important ports for Europe and the United States in East Asia. In the view of different historical geography, background and management, Shanghai and Yokohama...

  Wang Yan, Zhou Xianpin, Zhou Teng

  404-413

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• Comparative study of planning history, spatial development and sociological significance of the back alley in Yangon and Singapore

  A comparison of two similar types of back alley spaces: Back Drainage Space (BDS) in Yangon and Back-lane in Singapore, is conducted to find out if there are any relationships between their spatial development and lessons that can be learned from the precedent case in Singapore. Commonalities and differences of the back alley are identified by comparing the historical urban context of their formation and development in British colonial cities. The findings suggest that the back alley spaces in both cities, despite divergent circumstances and development after independence, possess common traits as interstitial space between public and private, with a unique way of spatial management based on informal, mutual agreement, which suggests some useful ideas when considering the role of these spaces in the redevelopment of Yangon in the near future.

  A comparison of two similar types of back alley spaces: Back Drainage Space (BDS) in Yangon and Back-lane in Singapore, is conducted to find out if there are any relationships between their spatial development and lessons that can be learned from the precedent case in Singapore. Commonalities and differences of the back alley are identified by comparing the historical urban context of their formation and development in British colonial cities. The findings suggest that the back alley spaces in both cities, despite divergent circumstances and development after independence, possess common traits as interstitial space between public and private, with a unique way of spatial management based on informal, mutual agreement, which suggests some useful ideas when considering the role of these spaces in the redevelopment of Yangon in the near future.

  A comparison of two similar types of back alley spaces: Back Drainage Space (BDS) in Yangon and Back-lane in Singapore, is conducted to find out if there are any relationships between their spatial development and lessons that can be learned from the precedent case in Singapore. Commonalities...

  Tomoko Matshushita, Kimiro Meguro, Aya Kubota

  414-421

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• A vision for arts led urban renewal in Adelaide and the City West Campus of the University of South Australia

  Various perspectives on universities and urban renewal in the post-industrial era are considered in the international literature. These include universities’ roles as drivers of physical environmental change and of economic and social improvement; their relationships, and sometimes tensions, with immediate and wider neighbours; and the social, infrastructure, economic, cultural, educational, and local environmental sustainability benefits of a university’s presence for a city and its residents. One theme within the literature on universities’ economic and cultural contributions is their potential and actual role in the evolution and development of arts and cultural quarters. This paper considers that topic in relation to the University of South Australia’s City West campus that opened in 1997 in an area of Adelaide known as the West End. The campus was built adjacent to an emerging arts complex. Soon after UniSA announced its decision to move to the new location, the Adelaide City Council commissioned the West End Urban Development Strategy to optimise the benefits of the university’s presence. This paper introduces and reviews that Strategy and a subsequent, related, initiative of the City Council and the South Australian Government to establish the West End as an arts and cultural quarter.

  Various perspectives on universities and urban renewal in the post-industrial era are considered in the international literature. These include universities’ roles as drivers of physical environmental change and of economic and social improvement; their relationships, and sometimes tensions, with immediate and wider neighbours; and the social, infrastructure, economic, cultural, educational, and local environmental sustainability benefits of a university’s presence for a city and its residents. One theme within the literature on universities’ economic and cultural contributions is their potential and actual role in the evolution and development of arts and cultural quarters. This paper considers that topic in relation to the University of South Australia’s City West campus that opened in 1997 in an area of Adelaide known as the West End. The campus was built adjacent to an emerging arts complex. Soon after UniSA announced its decision to move to the new location, the...

  Various perspectives on universities and urban renewal in the post-industrial era are considered in the international literature. These include universities’ roles as drivers of physical environmental change and of economic and social improvement; their relationships, and sometimes tensions,...

  Christine Garnaut

  448-457

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• Local adjustment with path-dependence

  A primary task of Chinese planning historians is to show how Chinese urbanization expresses the complex and changing relationship between a strong central government and market forces. Here is one kind of cities called Third-front city, making a pure sample to understand Chinese modern institutional design and related spatial phenomena. Such cities were first built for war-preparing in remote Midwestern China in 1960s, under compulsory power and planned arrangement from central government, which seems not a sustainable mode by general acknowledgement. Yet those cities have still went through transformation and gained follow-up development. With the perspective of historical institutionalism, we assume there exists the interaction of institutional path dependence and endogenous incremental change. This paper takes one typical of them, Shiyan in Hubei Province for empirical study. From the Socialist planned economy stage (1960s to 1970s) to China’s Reform stage (since 1980s), we mainly explore how government structural change effected the city’s development outcomes as a core institutional factor, especially where planning got involved. We find that the initial institutional system dominated by central government had ensured rapid rise of Third-front city in early stage, while producing path dependence and long-term urban spatial influences. In face of transformation, general environment of modest reformation in China had provided enough buffer space for new institutions; On the other hand, despite path dependence in terms of industry pattern, finance structure, administrative power and so on, new local actors’ seeking for incremental changes within original institutional framework also generated transformative effects.

  A primary task of Chinese planning historians is to show how Chinese urbanization expresses the complex and changing relationship between a strong central government and market forces. Here is one kind of cities called Third-front city, making a pure sample to understand Chinese modern institutional design and related spatial phenomena. Such cities were first built for war-preparing in remote Midwestern China in 1960s, under compulsory power and planned arrangement from central government, which seems not a sustainable mode by general acknowledgement. Yet those cities have still went through transformation and gained follow-up development. With the perspective of historical institutionalism, we assume there exists the interaction of institutional path dependence and endogenous incremental change. This paper takes one typical of them, Shiyan in Hubei Province for empirical study. From the Socialist planned economy stage (1960s to 1970s) to China’s Reform stage (since 1980s), we...

  A primary task of Chinese planning historians is to show how Chinese urbanization expresses the complex and changing relationship between a strong central government and market forces. Here is one kind of cities called Third-front city, making a pure sample to understand Chinese modern...

  Zhendong Luo, Biyao Zhu

  461-469

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• Urban forms at intersection of Imperialism and Colonialism

  Towards the end of the 19th century and the WWI geopolitical aftermath, Beirut presents a case along the Eastern Mediterranean at the intersection of two major colonial powers, the Ottoman Imperialism and French Colonialism. Dissociated from the province of Damascus in 1888, Beirut was elevated to the rank of provincial capital of Wilâya, the geographical borders of which spanned the equivalent of four actual countries. Following this administrative upgrade Beirut benefited from the Tanzimat reforms and the Sultan Abdul Hamid II jubilee in 1901. This paper will highlight the implementations of these political moments on urban forms and the urban landmarks for the ruler’s glory. Under the French mandate, Beirut role shifted from being provincial capital of a Wilâya part of the Ottoman Empire, to being capital of a Republic country with newly defined borders. Preceding the French Colonialism, Sultan Abdul Hamid II envisioned Westernizing some of the Ottoman Empire cities to the image of the European urban model. Alternately, the French were very enthusiastic to modernize Beirut, their prime image in the Levant. At this moment, Beirut’s urban fate was at the intersection of two visions of Westernization, the late Ottoman Imperialism and the early French Colonialism. An attempt to better understand the urban implications of this turn of century intersection, will be achieved by highlighting urban forms continuities and ruptures as a methodology observed in the broader geopolitical context. It is a chance to reflect on the modes of borrowing Western urban forms and examining the blurred boundaries of their planning, juxtaposition or imposition on an existing urban order. It will as well unfold in a parallel mode how each colonial power approached and applied different urban practices on their occupied territories.

  Towards the end of the 19th century and the WWI geopolitical aftermath, Beirut presents a case along the Eastern Mediterranean at the intersection of two major colonial powers, the Ottoman Imperialism and French Colonialism. Dissociated from the province of Damascus in 1888, Beirut was elevated to the rank of provincial capital of Wilâya, the geographical borders of which spanned the equivalent of four actual countries. Following this administrative upgrade Beirut benefited from the Tanzimat reforms and the Sultan Abdul Hamid II jubilee in 1901. This paper will highlight the implementations of these political moments on urban forms and the urban landmarks for the ruler’s glory. Under the French mandate, Beirut role shifted from being provincial capital of a Wilâya part of the Ottoman Empire, to being capital of a Republic country with newly defined borders. Preceding the French Colonialism, Sultan Abdul Hamid II envisioned Westernizing some of the Ottoman Empire cities to the...

  Towards the end of the 19th century and the WWI geopolitical aftermath, Beirut presents a case along the Eastern Mediterranean at the intersection of two major colonial powers, the Ottoman Imperialism and French Colonialism. Dissociated from the province of Damascus in 1888, Beirut was...

  Nadine Hindi

  488-495

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• Cross-Cultural Engineering

  This is particularly true for the Japanese case, where civil engineering has played a major role in the country’s modernization and westernization since the mid-19th century. The design and engineering of Japanese ports from the 1870s to 1890s is a case in point. This contribution explores the degree to which civil engineering engaged with port city design by studying investigative reports, design drawings and survey maps established by Dutch civil engineers in collaboration with Japanese practitioners. It identifies three types of cross-cultural engineering. 1. Building a new port: Some Dutch engineers proposed complex projects combining water management and port basins, jetties with urban form, but these were only partially implemented. 2. Improvement of Port Functions: The Japanese engineers were particularly receptive for the design of breakwaters, the practice of dredging and the construction of basins; notably the technique of breakwaters became a staple in textbook and spread through Japan. 3: Development of the Port. The engineers developed a complete vision for a new port, but diverse reasons hindered realization, including natural features that disturbed the construction of the port. These three types stand as examples of the intricacies of cross cultural engineering in engineering and planning.

  This is particularly true for the Japanese case, where civil engineering has played a major role in the country’s modernization and westernization since the mid-19th century. The design and engineering of Japanese ports from the 1870s to 1890s is a case in point. This contribution explores the degree to which civil engineering engaged with port city design by studying investigative reports, design drawings and survey maps established by Dutch civil engineers in collaboration with Japanese practitioners. It identifies three types of cross-cultural engineering. 1. Building a new port: Some Dutch engineers proposed complex projects combining water management and port basins, jetties with urban form, but these were only partially implemented. 2. Improvement of Port Functions: The Japanese engineers were particularly receptive for the design of breakwaters, the practice of dredging and the construction of basins; notably the technique of breakwaters became a staple in textbook and...

  This is particularly true for the Japanese case, where civil engineering has played a major role in the country’s modernization and westernization since the mid-19th century. The design and engineering of Japanese ports from the 1870s to 1890s is a case in point. This contribution explores...

  Kazumasa Iwamoto, Carola Hein

  499-506

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• The construction of a socialist city by East German engineers in the late 1950s

  In the late 1950s, hundreds of East German engineers moved to the North Korean city of Hamhung to help with urban reconstruction after the Korean War; they were known as the ‘German Work Team Hamhung’. However, research on cross-border propagation of city planning for mass demonstrations appears to be non-existent. Therefore, this study investigates the square and street network designed for mass demonstrations in Hamhung and evaluates it from a socialist city planning history perspective. The research findings revealed the following: The reconstruction plan of Hamhung as a socialist city in the latter half of the 1950s had characteristics similar to the socialist cities of the Soviet Union (early 1930s) and East Germany (early 1950s). German architects contributed transnationally to the construction of socialist cities. In particular, in the case of Hamhung, the presence of Konrad Püschel was substantive. As mentioned above, although the East German engineers followed the concept and methodology in the aforementioned socialist states, they adapted them to the local circumstances that were ascertained by detailed preliminary survey work. Their activities represent the unconsidered aspect of the global/worldwide spread of the concept and methodology of socialist city planning.

  In the late 1950s, hundreds of East German engineers moved to the North Korean city of Hamhung to help with urban reconstruction after the Korean War; they were known as the ‘German Work Team Hamhung’. However, research on cross-border propagation of city planning for mass demonstrations appears to be non-existent. Therefore, this study investigates the square and street network designed for mass demonstrations in Hamhung and evaluates it from a socialist city planning history perspective. The research findings revealed the following: The reconstruction plan of Hamhung as a socialist city in the latter half of the 1950s had characteristics similar to the socialist cities of the Soviet Union (early 1930s) and East Germany (early 1950s). German architects contributed transnationally to the construction of socialist cities. In particular, in the case of Hamhung, the presence of Konrad Püschel was substantive. As mentioned above, although the East German engineers followed the...

  In the late 1950s, hundreds of East German engineers moved to the North Korean city of Hamhung to help with urban reconstruction after the Korean War; they were known as the ‘German Work Team Hamhung’. However, research on cross-border propagation of city planning for mass demonstrations...

  Hideo Tomita

  506-514

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• The chinesenization of American zoning in the 1980s

  The most instrumental reform in Chinese urban planning system during the market reform in the 1980s is the introduction of so-called “regulatory detailed planning” (in Chinese pinyin, kong gui), an adaptive form of American zoning in Chinese cities. However, this episode of the reform hasn’t been closely examined from a historic and critical perspective so far. Based on archival research, mapping and interviews, this article traces the planning and development process of Shanghai Hongqiao New District and Wenzhou old town, and explores the original process of transplantation and localization of American zoning in Chinese cities. By comparing the planning and construction explorations of the two cities, we will argue that although it learned much from zoning techniques, especially the control indexes, the regulatory detailed planning is more to be a plat form for local government to negotiate with the foreign businessmen and other private sectors, rather than representing public intervention and regulation in the US, and served as a technical tool to materialize the development goals of Chinese cities.

  The most instrumental reform in Chinese urban planning system during the market reform in the 1980s is the introduction of so-called “regulatory detailed planning” (in Chinese pinyin, kong gui), an adaptive form of American zoning in Chinese cities. However, this episode of the reform hasn’t been closely examined from a historic and critical perspective so far. Based on archival research, mapping and interviews, this article traces the planning and development process of Shanghai Hongqiao New District and Wenzhou old town, and explores the original process of transplantation and localization of American zoning in Chinese cities. By comparing the planning and construction explorations of the two cities, we will argue that although it learned much from zoning techniques, especially the control indexes, the regulatory detailed planning is more to be a plat form for local government to negotiate with the foreign businessmen and other private sectors, rather than representing...

  The most instrumental reform in Chinese urban planning system during the market reform in the 1980s is the introduction of so-called “regulatory detailed planning” (in Chinese pinyin, kong gui), an adaptive form of American zoning in Chinese cities. However, this episode of the reform...

  Yun Shen

  518-528

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• Landscape architecture and environmentalism in the expansion era for Australian universities

  The 1960s and 1970s were an era of expansion of the tertiary education sector internationally with entirely new universities developed at an unprecedented pace. In the Australian context, the quintessential start-up suburban campus was usually set within a greenfield site - typically on postagricultural land at the fringe of rapidly expanding suburbia. An effective role for landscape architecture often materialised from symbiotic relationships between architects, engineers, planners, horticulturalists, and others. A significant driver in shaping and enacting a clear vision for a distinctive quality of campus landscape came internal to university administration. Communities consisting of academic staff, administrative staff, and other interested and talented practitioners have been found to be crucial in defining a niche for landscape architects in campus design, marking a significant moment in the recognition and due regard that would be paid to a small but influential profession on the Australian scene.

  This paper records the themes that define the distinctive nature of the Australian condition. Focusing on campus designs by Bruce Mackenzie and Associates (BMA), the paper provides a preliminary assessment of the roles and influence of people, organisations, and events in the creation of the modern campus in Australia. It concludes that the most effective results were achieved when the landscape architect was engaged at the formative stages of campus development and had broad support inclusive of collaboration with other consultants and with university administrators and on-ground staff. A significant ingredient for success in achieving innovative results was found to be the existence within the university of communities of interested and engaged people with joint aims and ambitions for the creation of high quality campus landscapes, often in line with a culture of environmentalism. Such communities often go unheralded yet without their involvement the establishment of campus landscapes that celebrated the conservation of Australian indigenous plants and forms may not have been as readily achieved.

  The 1960s and 1970s were an era of expansion of the tertiary education sector internationally with entirely new universities developed at an unprecedented pace. In the Australian context, the quintessential start-up suburban campus was usually set within a greenfield site - typically on postagricultural land at the fringe of rapidly expanding suburbia. An effective role for landscape architecture often materialised from symbiotic relationships between architects, engineers, planners, horticulturalists, and others. A significant driver in shaping and enacting a clear vision for a distinctive quality of campus landscape came internal to university administration. Communities consisting of academic staff, administrative staff, and other interested and talented practitioners have been found to be crucial in defining a niche for landscape architects in campus design, marking a significant moment in the recognition and due regard that would be paid to a small but influential profession...

  The 1960s and 1970s were an era of expansion of the tertiary education sector internationally with entirely new universities developed at an unprecedented pace. In the Australian context, the quintessential start-up suburban campus was usually set within a greenfield site - typically on...

  Andre Saniga

  535-545

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• Nature conservation planning approach in the urban epoch

  This study explores the nature conservation planning in the urban context, an emerging issue in the process of striking a balance between natural heritage conservation and urbanization demands, by focusing on two cases: Breda City Plan in the Netherlands and Beykoz Riva Integrated Environmental Protection and Development Plan. Breda City Plan is analyzed as a reflection of a deep-rooted tradition that is sensitive to nature while Riva Beykoz Plan is analyzed as a unique example within Turkey in that regard. These cases see the development of an integrated rainwater management system by the enhancement of existing ecosystems and green urban spaces and by their connection to the adjacent protected natural areas. This study explores whether the recent implementations of nature conservation in Breda and Beykoz Riva meet IUCN guidelines for urban areas. These cases are analyzed with the IUCN Urban Protected Area Guidelines which adopts current concept and methodology of nature conservation planning in urban areas. As a result of their analysis, it is observed that they both meet the guideline criteria.

  This study explores the nature conservation planning in the urban context, an emerging issue in the process of striking a balance between natural heritage conservation and urbanization demands, by focusing on two cases: Breda City Plan in the Netherlands and Beykoz Riva Integrated Environmental Protection and Development Plan. Breda City Plan is analyzed as a reflection of a deep-rooted tradition that is sensitive to nature while Riva Beykoz Plan is analyzed as a unique example within Turkey in that regard. These cases see the development of an integrated rainwater management system by the enhancement of existing ecosystems and green urban spaces and by their connection to the adjacent protected natural areas. This study explores whether the recent implementations of nature conservation in Breda and Beykoz Riva meet IUCN guidelines for urban areas. These cases are analyzed with the IUCN Urban Protected Area Guidelines which adopts current concept and methodology of nature...

  This study explores the nature conservation planning in the urban context, an emerging issue in the process of striking a balance between natural heritage conservation and urbanization demands, by focusing on two cases: Breda City Plan in the Netherlands and Beykoz Riva Integrated...

  Balm Koyunoglu, Nuran Zeren Gulersoy

  546-554

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• Interaction between water and city

  Ji’ning is a famous historic city with a long history and deep cultural accumulation in Shandong Province, China, which was facing serious environmental problems and cultural crisis due to largescale industrial production and coal mining in recent decades. It is necessary to study the historical legacy of Ji'ning in a scientific way, to excavate its context and characteristics, and furthermore to learn from the legacy and explore the way of urban transformation and development. Firstly, the historical context of the city development of Ji'ning is teased out to excavate its driving force. Secondly, the mechanism of the interaction between city and water is excavated with Canal Cultural Period as an example. Based on this, the enlightenment from the historical legacy to the sustainable future of the contemporary city is declared as a conclusion.

  Ji’ning is a famous historic city with a long history and deep cultural accumulation in Shandong Province, China, which was facing serious environmental problems and cultural crisis due to largescale industrial production and coal mining in recent decades. It is necessary to study the historical legacy of Ji'ning in a scientific way, to excavate its context and characteristics, and furthermore to learn from the legacy and explore the way of urban transformation and development. Firstly, the historical context of the city development of Ji'ning is teased out to excavate its driving force. Secondly, the mechanism of the interaction between city and water is excavated with Canal Cultural Period as an example. Based on this, the enlightenment from the historical legacy to the sustainable future of the contemporary city is declared as a conclusion.

  Ji’ning is a famous historic city with a long history and deep cultural accumulation in Shandong Province, China, which was facing serious environmental problems and cultural crisis due to largescale industrial production and coal mining in recent decades. It is necessary to study the...

  Lu Guo

  558-566

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• Modern regional development in Japan

  Although modern Japanese cities are the products of an urban planning system, this system is itself rooted in the histories of towns and provincial areas, that had previously grown in the context of local economic needs and resources. However, in the early stages of urbanisation, the new infrastructure derived from the West did not necessarily complement the existing local urban environment. This was eventually reconciled by a series of infrastructure development projects, which were presented to local city planners for feedback. This study focuses on a typical example of this process in Gifu, Japan; it presents a description of the steps by which the region was gradually modernised by means of a river improvement project that led to the implementation of urban planning.

  Although modern Japanese cities are the products of an urban planning system, this system is itself rooted in the histories of towns and provincial areas, that had previously grown in the context of local economic needs and resources. However, in the early stages of urbanisation, the new infrastructure derived from the West did not necessarily complement the existing local urban environment. This was eventually reconciled by a series of infrastructure development projects, which were presented to local city planners for feedback. This study focuses on a typical example of this process in Gifu, Japan; it presents a description of the steps by which the region was gradually modernised by means of a river improvement project that led to the implementation of urban planning.

  Although modern Japanese cities are the products of an urban planning system, this system is itself rooted in the histories of towns and provincial areas, that had previously grown in the context of local economic needs and resources. However, in the early stages of urbanisation, the new...

  Yoshifumi Demura

  567-578

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• Transformation of urban communities from within

  The state has owned most historical buildings since the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Residents within are entitled to the right to use the house in the form of a lease. After entering a free trade housing market in 1988, residents in historic neighbourhoods of Shanghai have been suffering uncertainty of their identities. Residents’ role, responsibilities and obligations within urban transformation, has always been in suspense and strongly affected by multiple stakeholders’ decisions. Based on an analysis of the relationship between the native residents and the historic Lilong communities they are living in, this paper examines stakeholders’ heritage approaches in three typical transforming project, to explore residents’ mobility and behaviour within varied urban transformation and socio-economic development. Through a literature review, fieldwork and a pilot study in Xintiandi, Tianzifang and Chunyangli districts, urban transformation in historic urban communities from within is found literally rare in China. This paper argues that residents could not clarify their role by living in urban heritage, neither obtaining house-ownership to define their position nor being treated as one component of urban heritage. Government in China has been indeed the character who mediates between all stakeholders and bears the most burden.

  The state has owned most historical buildings since the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Residents within are entitled to the right to use the house in the form of a lease. After entering a free trade housing market in 1988, residents in historic neighbourhoods of Shanghai have been suffering uncertainty of their identities. Residents’ role, responsibilities and obligations within urban transformation, has always been in suspense and strongly affected by multiple stakeholders’ decisions. Based on an analysis of the relationship between the native residents and the historic Lilong communities they are living in, this paper examines stakeholders’ heritage approaches in three typical transforming project, to explore residents’ mobility and behaviour within varied urban transformation and socio-economic development. Through a literature review, fieldwork and a pilot study in Xintiandi, Tianzifang and Chunyangli districts, urban transformation in historic...

  The state has owned most historical buildings since the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Residents within are entitled to the right to use the house in the form of a lease. After entering a free trade housing market in 1988, residents in historic neighbourhoods of...

  Kaiyi Zhu, Carola Hein

  588-591

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• Temporary dwellings as successful informal suburban development

  Occupation of temporary dwellings during a shortage of affordable housing is a global phenomenon. Until recently, the majority of urban planning literature has tended to convey that this type of informal urbanism existed only in the global south. However, a number of scholarly publications have revealed that informal urbanism was present in the global north throughout the early twentieth century, surrounding newly-industrialising cities in France and Canada and as seasonal accommodation in the UK. Recent studies reveal that similar dwellings emerged with illegal suburbanisation in Greek and Portuguese cities during the mid-century, and persist today as US-Mexico borderland colonia settlements. References to temporary dwellings in Australian housing literature suggested that informal urban development existed at an appreciable scale on the fringes of most towns and cities in Australia following world war two. This paper surveys the phenomenon as it played out in the outer suburbs of metropolitan Sydney, highlights a distinctive Australian story, and compares this with the international instances. The paper then suggests that a combination of four unprecedented circumstances prevailing in post-war Sydney enabled temporary dwellings to be a successful form of informal suburban development that enabled economically-marginal households to achieve ownership of a conventional home.

  Occupation of temporary dwellings during a shortage of affordable housing is a global phenomenon. Until recently, the majority of urban planning literature has tended to convey that this type of informal urbanism existed only in the global south. However, a number of scholarly publications have revealed that informal urbanism was present in the global north throughout the early twentieth century, surrounding newly-industrialising cities in France and Canada and as seasonal accommodation in the UK. Recent studies reveal that similar dwellings emerged with illegal suburbanisation in Greek and Portuguese cities during the mid-century, and persist today as US-Mexico borderland colonia settlements. References to temporary dwellings in Australian housing literature suggested that informal urban development existed at an appreciable scale on the fringes of most towns and cities in Australia following world war two. This paper surveys the phenomenon as it played out in the outer suburbs...

  Occupation of temporary dwellings during a shortage of affordable housing is a global phenomenon. Until recently, the majority of urban planning literature has tended to convey that this type of informal urbanism existed only in the global south. However, a number of scholarly publications...

  Nicola Pulan

  592-601

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• Plan of Seoul Olympic games facilities and the execution of the plans of green area and road network of Seoul City Planning

  By analyzing the changes in planning for facilities for the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, focusing especially on green areas and road networks, this study aims to reveal the transformation of Seoul City, sparked by the Seoul Olympic Games. Most of the new competition venues for the Olympic games were built in the green areas in the Jamsil District and the Taenung District. In particular, the Jamsil District was able to support the development of two main Olympic venues by reclaiming land through the revetment of the Han River. The river was the defining feature for Seoul City Planning’s Olympic development plans, dictating the paths of the broad highways and bridges which follow and span its waters.

  By analyzing the changes in planning for facilities for the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, focusing especially on green areas and road networks, this study aims to reveal the transformation of Seoul City, sparked by the Seoul Olympic Games. Most of the new competition venues for the Olympic games were built in the green areas in the Jamsil District and the Taenung District. In particular, the Jamsil District was able to support the development of two main Olympic venues by reclaiming land through the revetment of the Han River. The river was the defining feature for Seoul City Planning’s Olympic development plans, dictating the paths of the broad highways and bridges which follow and span its waters.

  By analyzing the changes in planning for facilities for the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, focusing especially on green areas and road networks, this study aims to reveal the transformation of Seoul City, sparked by the Seoul Olympic Games. Most of the new competition venues for the Olympic games...

  Kwanghyun Park

  606-615

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• Critical junctures and city development: a brief retrospect of Chongqing’s planning history, 1949-2010

  Southwest China’s Chongqing is a city with unique development history which experienced critical junctures. This study collected and organized political, economic and cultural events in Chongqing from 1949 to 2010, and then analysed how its city planning responded to those critical junctures, and evaluate whether it was successful or not; furthermore, it traced the evolution of motive forces in Chongqing. The analysis has led us to the conclusion that critical junctures constituted pivotal motive forces in Chongqing’s urbanization; generally, each version of Master Plans responded them effectively and timely, especially by giving the priority to natural geography and continually developing the polycentric structure at different scale. The result of this study shows that Chongqing has built a comprehensive development framework for settlement hierarchy structure, transportation, economy and ecology. For the future, it should pay more attention to improve its infrastructure, conserve its historic heritage, strengthen its identity as a city of mountain and river, and achieve more sustainable development both ecologically and socially. Moreover, besides making sure that politic and economic forces fulfil their role, decision makers should also value social forces, make multiple objectives, exercise public participation and achieve social justice in the policy making and implementing process.

  Southwest China’s Chongqing is a city with unique development history which experienced critical junctures. This study collected and organized political, economic and cultural events in Chongqing from 1949 to 2010, and then analysed how its city planning responded to those critical junctures, and evaluate whether it was successful or not; furthermore, it traced the evolution of motive forces in Chongqing. The analysis has led us to the conclusion that critical junctures constituted pivotal motive forces in Chongqing’s urbanization; generally, each version of Master Plans responded them effectively and timely, especially by giving the priority to natural geography and continually developing the polycentric structure at different scale. The result of this study shows that Chongqing has built a comprehensive development framework for settlement hierarchy structure, transportation, economy and ecology. For the future, it should pay more attention to improve its infrastructure,...

  Southwest China’s Chongqing is a city with unique development history which experienced critical junctures. This study collected and organized political, economic and cultural events in Chongqing from 1949 to 2010, and then analysed how its city planning responded to those critical...

  Mian Jiang

  612-624

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• Designing the Chinese post-Imperial capitals in correspondence of political chances

  With a historical and morphological approach, this paper marks the correlation between the critical junctures occurred in China from 1911 to 1958 and the new planning proposals for the modern capital cities rebuilt at that time, Nanjing and Beijing. This paper assumes that the modern breaking points of Chinese history have the key role in reshaping the urban landscape as in the past. From this perspective, the research assumes an ‘interpretative morphological approach’ based on the comparison of the case studies. Stressing the attention on the planning features of each proposal, it is possible to highlight, firstly, the way new plans reproduce the classic patterns and override them in accordance with the political ideals and propaganda meanings that architecture and urbanism are supposed to embody; secondly, a constant application of traditional forms and urban patterns, by citation and reinterpretation. These two orders of results could eventually prove that reactionary and revolutionary political forces are influenced by the same atavistic rhetorical frameworks when they come to draw the spatial palimpsest of their power. Thus, each critical juncture is a new testing ground for the resistance of those recurring planning features in the present days as in the past.

  With a historical and morphological approach, this paper marks the correlation between the critical junctures occurred in China from 1911 to 1958 and the new planning proposals for the modern capital cities rebuilt at that time, Nanjing and Beijing. This paper assumes that the modern breaking points of Chinese history have the key role in reshaping the urban landscape as in the past. From this perspective, the research assumes an ‘interpretative morphological approach’ based on the comparison of the case studies. Stressing the attention on the planning features of each proposal, it is possible to highlight, firstly, the way new plans reproduce the classic patterns and override them in accordance with the political ideals and propaganda meanings that architecture and urbanism are supposed to embody; secondly, a constant application of traditional forms and urban patterns, by citation and reinterpretation. These two orders of results could eventually prove that reactionary and...

  With a historical and morphological approach, this paper marks the correlation between the critical junctures occurred in China from 1911 to 1958 and the new planning proposals for the modern capital cities rebuilt at that time, Nanjing and Beijing. This paper assumes that the modern breaking...

  Domenica Bona

  625-633

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• An investigation on China’s NGOs in urban heritage preservation

  As for China’s urban heritage preservation, besides the top-down actors, some non-governmental organizations have emerged and started to play increasingly noticeable parts. The paper accordingly explores China's increasingly pluralistic situation in urban heritage preservation, and reveals the roles of these non-governmental players. The paper selects Tianjin Memory as a specific case, and elucidates its developments and transformations from 2006 to the present via documental research, in-depth interviews and internet big data analyses. Informed by internal ecological relationship analyses, the paper divides its development process into four main stages: start, rapid development, differentiation and reorganization. Each stage is examined from six factors, i.e. human resources, structure and management, finance, social resources, products and achievements, based on NGOs’ influence evaluation in sociology. The research further identifies the main limitations and challenges for Tianjin Memory. As a part of the discussions about China’s current pluralistic urbanism, this paper brings forwards some suggestions for a healthy and sustainable future of Tianjin Memory and other similar NGOs in China.

  As for China’s urban heritage preservation, besides the top-down actors, some non-governmental organizations have emerged and started to play increasingly noticeable parts. The paper accordingly explores China's increasingly pluralistic situation in urban heritage preservation, and reveals the roles of these non-governmental players. The paper selects Tianjin Memory as a specific case, and elucidates its developments and transformations from 2006 to the present via documental research, in-depth interviews and internet big data analyses. Informed by internal ecological relationship analyses, the paper divides its development process into four main stages: start, rapid development, differentiation and reorganization. Each stage is examined from six factors, i.e. human resources, structure and management, finance, social resources, products and achievements, based on NGOs’ influence evaluation in sociology. The research further identifies the main limitations and challenges for...

  As for China’s urban heritage preservation, besides the top-down actors, some non-governmental organizations have emerged and started to play increasingly noticeable parts. The paper accordingly explores China's increasingly pluralistic situation in urban heritage preservation, and reveals...

  Qiuyin Xu, Tianjie Zhang, Yuwei Zhang

  637-647

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• Conservation of Memory Heritage through the artwork “Sea Present” painted by Shigeru AOKI

  The scope of cultural heritage is beginning to extend to the modern ear and holistically covers buildings and lifestyle. Using memory has become to be applied as one of the methods for conservation while it is usually used in short duration or just for one heritage. It is hardly ever extended to urban planning. In this paper, I proposed the memory project in Mera village and considered the collaboration among five sectors through three memories. The memory project became virtuous circle to produce community initiatives and new memories at the same time. And, I determined memory heritages through the changes of the relationship between the memories and the spaces. There was a possibility for memory urbanism too. Finally, I revealed the interaction and mediation among five sectors for the conservation of the museum of “Sea Present”. It said that the importance of realistic and balanced viewpoints with authenticity.

  The scope of cultural heritage is beginning to extend to the modern ear and holistically covers buildings and lifestyle. Using memory has become to be applied as one of the methods for conservation while it is usually used in short duration or just for one heritage. It is hardly ever extended to urban planning. In this paper, I proposed the memory project in Mera village and considered the collaboration among five sectors through three memories. The memory project became virtuous circle to produce community initiatives and new memories at the same time. And, I determined memory heritages through the changes of the relationship between the memories and the spaces. There was a possibility for memory urbanism too. Finally, I revealed the interaction and mediation among five sectors for the conservation of the museum of “Sea Present”. It said that the importance of realistic and balanced viewpoints with authenticity.

  The scope of cultural heritage is beginning to extend to the modern ear and holistically covers buildings and lifestyle. Using memory has become to be applied as one of the methods for conservation while it is usually used in short duration or just for one heritage. It is hardly ever extended...

  Ilji Cheong

  648-658

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• Mapping and placemaking from the perspective of cultural field

  Recently, in the context of China's policy of vigorously developing the assertive culture confidence, the value of traditional culture has been re-recognized by the whole society. However, due to the unbalanced development of China's eastern and western regions, the value of cultural heritage is not valued in the western region. Hanzhong district in Shaanxi province, belonging to the intersection of the south and north, has its own unique natural and cultural environment. The three historic sites of the western Han Dynasty are located in the city centre of Hanzhong, and as the historical heritage of Han culture, it has been hesitant between protection and development for many years. On the one hand, this paper tries to introduce the concept of "field" into the protection of cultural heritage, by constructing the cultural field model and using the cultural field to explore the question of historical heritage activation. This article, on the other hand, by expanding the mapping function, using the method of mapping defined the three historic sites of the western Han dynasty culture field research scope and the elements, combing extracted place identity, controlling the space boundary of place and for placemaking, and proposing an operable strategy and approach.

  Recently, in the context of China's policy of vigorously developing the assertive culture confidence, the value of traditional culture has been re-recognized by the whole society. However, due to the unbalanced development of China's eastern and western regions, the value of cultural heritage is not valued in the western region. Hanzhong district in Shaanxi province, belonging to the intersection of the south and north, has its own unique natural and cultural environment. The three historic sites of the western Han Dynasty are located in the city centre of Hanzhong, and as the historical heritage of Han culture, it has been hesitant between protection and development for many years. On the one hand, this paper tries to introduce the concept of "field" into the protection of cultural heritage, by constructing the cultural field model and using the cultural field to explore the question of historical heritage activation. This article, on the other hand, by expanding the mapping...

  Recently, in the context of China's policy of vigorously developing the assertive culture confidence, the value of traditional culture has been re-recognized by the whole society. However, due to the unbalanced development of China's eastern and western regions, the value of cultural heritage...

  Chao Chen, Yunying Ren

  659-668

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• Imagining a meshwork of urban nature

  The unbuilt project of Panhandle Freeway in San Francisco from the early 1960s is a unique case in the politics of design during the heyday of urban renewal in the United States in the early 1960s. The close collaboration between highway engineers and landscape architect Lawrence Halprin on this project also exemplifies cross-disciplinary thinking in redefining natural processes in the city. While Halprin emphasized the visual and visceral experience of moving through the highways integrated with parks and residential apartments, the civic function of urban freeway clashed with the local communities that would be displaced by the construction. The aesthetics of mobility eulogized a regional vision shared by Halprin and his friends informed their active involvement with the infrastructural design of the Bay Area. It presents an alternative to the criticism of the urban renewal of the 1960s. Nevertheless, the residents worked with the city council on the successful revolt against Panhandle Freeway, and none of the alternative routes was constructed, leaving the gap between southern San Francisco and Golden Gate Bridge to local traffic. While some critics see Halprin’s freeway design as an ameliorative disguise, his schemes open up a dialogue between social and aesthetic aspects of the mobility. In doing so, his interweaving of urban ecology and infrastructure marked the evolution of scenic parkways to urban freeway in landscape architectural practices. The lesson of Panhandle Freeway is not only a matter of coexistence, it also foreshadowed the open-ended methodology in planning and design.

  The unbuilt project of Panhandle Freeway in San Francisco from the early 1960s is a unique case in the politics of design during the heyday of urban renewal in the United States in the early 1960s. The close collaboration between highway engineers and landscape architect Lawrence Halprin on this project also exemplifies cross-disciplinary thinking in redefining natural processes in the city. While Halprin emphasized the visual and visceral experience of moving through the highways integrated with parks and residential apartments, the civic function of urban freeway clashed with the local communities that would be displaced by the construction. The aesthetics of mobility eulogized a regional vision shared by Halprin and his friends informed their active involvement with the infrastructural design of the Bay Area. It presents an alternative to the criticism of the urban renewal of the 1960s. Nevertheless, the residents worked with the city council on the successful revolt against...

  The unbuilt project of Panhandle Freeway in San Francisco from the early 1960s is a unique case in the politics of design during the heyday of urban renewal in the United States in the early 1960s. The close collaboration between highway engineers and landscape architect Lawrence Halprin on...

  Meng-Tsun Su

  672-681

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• A perspective of "diversity creation" and "expandability"

  There has been a great accumulation of research on the uniform town planning philosophy since the 16th century in the Spanish colonies and now its impact on modern urban planning is an important contemporary aspect on this theme. The planning techniques of grid pattern for rational administrative management and missionary work were carefully literalized by the Laws of the Indies to create a large number of urban spaces with highly physical homogeneity. Symbolizing this planning philosophy is the Ordinances of the Philip II promulgated in 1573. However, almost no towns were built in perfect accordance with this code, and rather the process of real town construction and its transformation have been the subject of many researches. On the other hand, in view with the specific planning techniques described in the Ordinances of Philip II, there is some intentional operation that is difficult to explain clearly from the viewpoint of the planning philosophy of homogeneity. This paper is to review the Ordinances of Philip II as an accumulation of the concrete town planning techniques for the Spanish colonial town construction and to verify the perspective of "diversity creation" and "response to city extensibility".

  There has been a great accumulation of research on the uniform town planning philosophy since the 16th century in the Spanish colonies and now its impact on modern urban planning is an important contemporary aspect on this theme. The planning techniques of grid pattern for rational administrative management and missionary work were carefully literalized by the Laws of the Indies to create a large number of urban spaces with highly physical homogeneity. Symbolizing this planning philosophy is the Ordinances of the Philip II promulgated in 1573. However, almost no towns were built in perfect accordance with this code, and rather the process of real town construction and its transformation have been the subject of many researches. On the other hand, in view with the specific planning techniques described in the Ordinances of Philip II, there is some intentional operation that is difficult to explain clearly from the viewpoint of the planning philosophy of homogeneity. This paper is...

  There has been a great accumulation of research on the uniform town planning philosophy since the 16th century in the Spanish colonies and now its impact on modern urban planning is an important contemporary aspect on this theme. The planning techniques of grid pattern for rational...

  Akihiro Kashima

  685-692

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• Greater Istanbul metropolitan area planning experience (1965-1980)

  Following the enforcement of the Urban Development Act in 1956 and the foundation of the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement in 1958, the first regional plan was developed for the Eastern Marmara Region in Turkey. The regional plan, which was prepared by the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement, in collaboration with the State Planning Office aimed at directing the industrial developments, the distribution of the industrial population and defining the hierarchy of urban settlements in the region respectively. The Regional Plan proposed an urban and regional infrastructure and a linear settlement development model for the Greater Istanbul area for the first time. The cities in Turkey were subject to a rapid urbanization due to a continuous flow of population from rural areas to the cities, which accelerated after 1950s. As a result, a multiplicity of new municipalities outside the existing limits of the major cities were formed, which necessitated a holistic planning in metropolitan scale. With this objective, three metropolitan planning offices were established for the major cities, Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir under the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement.

  In continuity with the principal decisions of the East Marmara Regional Plan, the planning studies for the Greater Metropolitan Area of Istanbul started with the foundation of Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Planning Office in 1965. The distribution of population between European and Asian sides of Istanbul metropolitan area was studied, and a linear pattern of settlement units separated by green areas was adopted in line with the regional plan. A strategic planning model was adopted in the last stage of the metropolitan planning. Based on an extensive survey, the demands of different sectors were defined. Alternative development strategies and scenarios were proposed with regard to the demands of the sectors. Beginning with the regional planning scale, the distribution of the residential and working areas, different strategies were tested with respect to their performances in achieving the initial development objectives. Based on an extensive data, projections, and regional development strategies updated, a plan that could guide the urban development policies was achieved. The metropolitan plan was completed and approved by the Ministry in July 1980.

  The Metropolitan Plan of Greater Istanbul constituted the first metropolitan plan, in Turkey, where the strategic planning approach was applied by comparing alternative development strategies. However, it could not be implemented properly as the planning authority was transferred to the Greater Municipality. Yet, with its holistic approach, this metropolitan plan that defined strategies of urban development and natural and urban conservation in metropolitan scale, could have prevented unplanned, piecemeal operations if it could be implemented. In the present paper, the metropolitan planning experience of Greater Istanbul is studied with a focus on the 1980 master plan. The role of the planning decisions in the urban development of the metropolitan city will be discussed at the end of the paper.

  Following the enforcement of the Urban Development Act in 1956 and the foundation of the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement in 1958, the first regional plan was developed for the Eastern Marmara Region in Turkey. The regional plan, which was prepared by the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement, in collaboration with the State Planning Office aimed at directing the industrial developments, the distribution of the industrial population and defining the hierarchy of urban settlements in the region respectively. The Regional Plan proposed an urban and regional infrastructure and a linear settlement development model for the Greater Istanbul area for the first time. The cities in Turkey were subject to a rapid urbanization due to a continuous flow of population from rural areas to the cities, which accelerated after 1950s. As a result, a multiplicity of new municipalities outside the existing limits of the major cities were formed, which necessitated a holistic planning in...

  Following the enforcement of the Urban Development Act in 1956 and the foundation of the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement in 1958, the first regional plan was developed for the Eastern Marmara Region in Turkey. The regional plan, which was prepared by the Ministry of Reconstruction...

  S. Guven Bilsel, F. Cana Bilsel

  701-708

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• A republic of garden city-states on which the sun never sets

  From the mid 1850s and into the interwar period a little-known group of citizen-sociologists attempted to break up the British Empire and establish a proto- garden-city-state network. These actors were the followers of the French Positivist philosopher Auguste Comte and his British acolyte Richard Congreve. Comte introduced the modern science of sociology, the Religion of Humanity, and the utopia called the Occidental Republic. After setting out the socio-spatial character of this utopia, this study will argue that from the 1850s the former Oxford don and ex-Anglican minister Richard Congreve advocated Comte’s principles as British international and national policy. I will contend that Congreve’s affiliates formed an organised resistance to imperialism, exploitation, poverty, and despondency. They created urban interventions or Positivist institutes, led ad hoc sociological surveys, and published programmes for realising regional republics. This essay contributes to our understanding of how Positivist sociology was a eutopian spatial design practice rooted in creating a comprehensive and participatory moral, cultural and intellectual network for the life virtuous. If we require some alternative to religious fanaticism, political lethargy, provincialism, fake news and right-wing reaction, the praxis explored herein might serve as a precedent for ethical, political and collectivist spatial agency.

  From the mid 1850s and into the interwar period a little-known group of citizen-sociologists attempted to break up the British Empire and establish a proto- garden-city-state network. These actors were the followers of the French Positivist philosopher Auguste Comte and his British acolyte Richard Congreve. Comte introduced the modern science of sociology, the Religion of Humanity, and the utopia called the Occidental Republic. After setting out the socio-spatial character of this utopia, this study will argue that from the 1850s the former Oxford don and ex-Anglican minister Richard Congreve advocated Comte’s principles as British international and national policy. I will contend that Congreve’s affiliates formed an organised resistance to imperialism, exploitation, poverty, and despondency. They created urban interventions or Positivist institutes, led ad hoc sociological surveys, and published programmes for realising regional republics. This essay contributes to our...

  From the mid 1850s and into the interwar period a little-known group of citizen-sociologists attempted to break up the British Empire and establish a proto- garden-city-state network. These actors were the followers of the French Positivist philosopher Auguste Comte and his British acolyte...

  Matthew Wilson

  724-735

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• Chiang Ching-kuo and the regional planning of Gannan under the influence of Soviet Experience (1941-1945)

  In the early 1940s, regional planning theory and practice spread into China. Gannan Reform dominated by Chiang Ching-kuo was an important experiment and marked by socialist ideology from the Soviet-Russia. In Jiangxi Province, Chiang Ching-kuo formulated the regional development path of first social construction and post physical planning. As a proponent of Confucianism, he combined the Soviet-experience with traditional Confucian urban-rural governance rules of ancient China. Promoted by Chiang, the government formulated two five-year plans (1941-1949) in 1941 and 1943. Under planned economy system, government developed public and cooperative undertakings to construct various industries and built a model state as an example for China which attracted the attention of world. The plan was similar to the Five-Years Plan of Soviet and P.R. China, and had an obvious socialist character. Its annual plan and ten-systems were also similar to Chiang's Four-year Plan and Top Ten Construction in Taiwan in 1970s. Based on historical archives, research has focused on Chiang Ching-uo and Gannan Reform and explained that how the reform can combined the Sovietexperience, planned economy, Confucian experience with regional planning as the earliest regional planning in modern China in 1940s. It’s an extremely important issue that has not been excavated.

  In the early 1940s, regional planning theory and practice spread into China. Gannan Reform dominated by Chiang Ching-kuo was an important experiment and marked by socialist ideology from the Soviet-Russia. In Jiangxi Province, Chiang Ching-kuo formulated the regional development path of first social construction and post physical planning. As a proponent of Confucianism, he combined the Soviet-experience with traditional Confucian urban-rural governance rules of ancient China. Promoted by Chiang, the government formulated two five-year plans (1941-1949) in 1941 and 1943. Under planned economy system, government developed public and cooperative undertakings to construct various industries and built a model state as an example for China which attracted the attention of world. The plan was similar to the Five-Years Plan of Soviet and P.R. China, and had an obvious socialist character. Its annual plan and ten-systems were also similar to Chiang's Four-year Plan and Top Ten...

  In the early 1940s, regional planning theory and practice spread into China. Gannan Reform dominated by Chiang Ching-kuo was an important experiment and marked by socialist ideology from the Soviet-Russia. In Jiangxi Province, Chiang Ching-kuo formulated the regional development path of first...

  Li Zhao, Li Baihao

  709-720

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• Superblocks, neighbourhood units and residential islands as fragments of the collage city

  In the intense debate that surrounds modernist housing estates in Europe there is a common argument: the contrast between the high quality of urban spaces in the compact traditional city and the low quality of new mass housing developments. In our opinion, the comparison should be made not with the traditional city but with the remaining peripheral landscape. The question is: do those ‘fragments’ of the modern ‘collage city’ that float between infrastructures and urban voids have greater or worse urban quality than the so-called ‘ordinary peripheries’? In this regard, determining the level of isolation from or integration into the immediate urban tissue is a key issue. The aim of this paper is to study eight housing estates in four cities (Rome, Milan, Madrid, Barcelona) and analyse how these ‘fragments’ developed in regard to their immediate urban context. How were they designed and with what specific features, compared to their European counterparts? What role and impact did urban planning and projects have in their fragmentary development? What conclusions can we draw comparing these quartieri and polígonos fifty years later? What are the values and weaknesses of those ‘fragments’ in comparison with the urban tissues of the surrounding ‘ordinary peripheries’?

  In the intense debate that surrounds modernist housing estates in Europe there is a common argument: the contrast between the high quality of urban spaces in the compact traditional city and the low quality of new mass housing developments. In our opinion, the comparison should be made not with the traditional city but with the remaining peripheral landscape. The question is: do those ‘fragments’ of the modern ‘collage city’ that float between infrastructures and urban voids have greater or worse urban quality than the so-called ‘ordinary peripheries’? In this regard, determining the level of isolation from or integration into the immediate urban tissue is a key issue. The aim of this paper is to study eight housing estates in four cities (Rome, Milan, Madrid, Barcelona) and analyse how these ‘fragments’ developed in regard to their immediate urban context. How were they designed and with what specific features, compared to their European counterparts? What role...

  In the intense debate that surrounds modernist housing estates in Europe there is a common argument: the contrast between the high quality of urban spaces in the compact traditional city and the low quality of new mass housing developments. In our opinion, the comparison should be made not...

  Carmen Diaz, Javier Monclus, Isbel Ezquerra, Sergio Garcia

  739-750

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• Neighbourhood Units in Brazilian New Towns

  Neighbourhood units and Brazilian new towns were an instrument of national development in line with the governmental nation-building discourse and planning agenda. Urbanisation was thought to be a path to modernisation and innovative urban settings were to establish new urban practices and change social behaviour. But could neighbourhood units really mean new living patterns? Was the neighbourhood unit straightforwardly accepted as a new urban condition? Did it meet passive compliance or strong opposition? Drawing upon the Americanisation of Brazilian society, this paper explores the transfer, interpretation and appropriation of the neighbourhood unit in Brazil through the analysis of the original layouts and present realities of neighbourhood units in the cities of Goiânia (1933-36), Angélica (1954), Brasília (1957), Rurópolis (1972) and Palmas (1988). Contradictions and conflicts are exposed between the planners’ visions and the appropriation and use of the urban forms - in short, mismatches between how they were imagined and how they were lived. Due to physical inadequacy and cultural incompatibility, neighbourhood units were either considerably transformed, or rejected and replaced by more traditional, conventional urban configurations, for a foreign-planning idea is only truly incorporated when it makes sense in the cultural realm that has adopted it.

  Neighbourhood units and Brazilian new towns were an instrument of national development in line with the governmental nation-building discourse and planning agenda. Urbanisation was thought to be a path to modernisation and innovative urban settings were to establish new urban practices and change social behaviour. But could neighbourhood units really mean new living patterns? Was the neighbourhood unit straightforwardly accepted as a new urban condition? Did it meet passive compliance or strong opposition? Drawing upon the Americanisation of Brazilian society, this paper explores the transfer, interpretation and appropriation of the neighbourhood unit in Brazil through the analysis of the original layouts and present realities of neighbourhood units in the cities of Goiânia (1933-36), Angélica (1954), Brasília (1957), Rurópolis (1972) and Palmas (1988). Contradictions and conflicts are exposed between the planners’ visions and the appropriation and use of the urban forms -...

  Neighbourhood units and Brazilian new towns were an instrument of national development in line with the governmental nation-building discourse and planning agenda. Urbanisation was thought to be a path to modernisation and innovative urban settings were to establish new urban practices and...

  Renato Leao Rego

  751-762

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• Interpreting the contemporary Chinese planning from the “new towns” perspective

  The new millennium has been a time for a great change in the Chinese planning history. Planning has become a professional practice able to manage the construction of thousands of new urban settlements and urbanization has driven deep transformations in the economic structure of China and in its society. This paper proposes a critical interpretation of the “new towns” by analysing two case studies, Pujiang and Kilamba. Pujiang is a new town near Shanghai designed by the Italian firm Gregotti Associati with the local Highpower-OCT Investment; Kilamba was designed by the Chinese CITIC in the outskirt of Luanda, Angola. From a planning perspective, this paper tries to analyse the phenomenal and formal aspects related to plans of two case studies. Applying a typo-morphological approach, the physical structure of both plans are analysed and compared so to highlight the structural elements of analogy between them. The aim is to reveal the current attempts by planners to transfer cultural issues into the built environment. Thus, this will allow to find out the possible commonalities and define the terms of correspondences of these contemporary layouts with the historical Chinese planning wisdom.

  The new millennium has been a time for a great change in the Chinese planning history. Planning has become a professional practice able to manage the construction of thousands of new urban settlements and urbanization has driven deep transformations in the economic structure of China and in its society. This paper proposes a critical interpretation of the “new towns” by analysing two case studies, Pujiang and Kilamba. Pujiang is a new town near Shanghai designed by the Italian firm Gregotti Associati with the local Highpower-OCT Investment; Kilamba was designed by the Chinese CITIC in the outskirt of Luanda, Angola. From a planning perspective, this paper tries to analyse the phenomenal and formal aspects related to plans of two case studies. Applying a typo-morphological approach, the physical structure of both plans are analysed and compared so to highlight the structural elements of analogy between them. The aim is to reveal the current attempts by planners to transfer...

  The new millennium has been a time for a great change in the Chinese planning history. Planning has become a professional practice able to manage the construction of thousands of new urban settlements and urbanization has driven deep transformations in the economic structure of China and in...

  Domenica Bona

  766-774

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• Learning from Berlin

  In the specialist literature, the Berlin tenement (Berliner Mietskaserne) is considered as the epitome of speculative overuse of the residential block on the eve of the Modern period. This view misses the fact that at the turn of the 19th century, several urban districts in Berlin were built for an emerging middle class that are of outstanding urban quality. The entrepreneur Georg Haberland (Berlinische Boden- Gesellschaft) developed entire neighborhoods that contributed greatly to the history of urban development at the beginning of the 20th century – a contribution seriously underestimated. In addition to the Anglo-Saxon way of suburbanization of the middle class and the French way of urbanization of the bourgeoisie within the existing town – which are commented on extensively – the urban interventions of Haberland are a little-documented third way in the history of city expansions. In this paper, first, I address the question of the urban qualities of the Bavarian District (Bayerisches Viertel), drawing on previously unpublished historical sources. And second, I propose a thesis how to place Haberland’s undervalued contribution in the wider context of Berlins planning history and beyond. Planning urban settlements from scratch is a current and crucial topic particularly in the US and in East Asia. Corresponding current projects – often designed by European planners – can be found especially in China.

  In the specialist literature, the Berlin tenement (Berliner Mietskaserne) is considered as the epitome of speculative overuse of the residential block on the eve of the Modern period. This view misses the fact that at the turn of the 19th century, several urban districts in Berlin were built for an emerging middle class that are of outstanding urban quality. The entrepreneur Georg Haberland (Berlinische Boden- Gesellschaft) developed entire neighborhoods that contributed greatly to the history of urban development at the beginning of the 20th century – a contribution seriously underestimated. In addition to the Anglo-Saxon way of suburbanization of the middle class and the French way of urbanization of the bourgeoisie within the existing town – which are commented on extensively – the urban interventions of Haberland are a little-documented third way in the history of city expansions. In this paper, first, I address the question of the urban qualities of the Bavarian...

  In the specialist literature, the Berlin tenement (Berliner Mietskaserne) is considered as the epitome of speculative overuse of the residential block on the eve of the Modern period. This view misses the fact that at the turn of the 19th century, several urban districts in Berlin were built...

  Michael Locher

  778-786

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• Urban renewal planning practice and form in early-modern Guangxi (1925-1936)

  Aiming at the old cities renovation planning practice by Guangxi Government with their military and political power from the 1920s to the 1930s, who were local warlords before and formed the New Kwai Clique ruling with Three People’s Principles and Material Development Planning under the guidance of Sun Zhongshan, the paper analyzes the evolution Characteristics of urban form in the four major cities, which was Wuzhou, Liuzhou, Nanning and Guilin, includes that demolishing the walls, constructing ring roads at the original sites, straightening streets of cities, expanding and changing them to roads, then building arcades on both sides to escape the rain and the sun, and finally adding the public facilities with drainage, docks, water and power supply, and so on, that could be considered as existed old city reconstruction with gradual developments. And it also shows that planning criss-cross roads network in a new district outside the old cities of the jumping rhythm by with new urban core. Either the former or the latter were both applying western planning theories for the purpose of improving and beautifying the urban environment. While presenting different urban forms, it could be sum up that the pattern went to the style “Streets City

  Aiming at the old cities renovation planning practice by Guangxi Government with their military and political power from the 1920s to the 1930s, who were local warlords before and formed the New Kwai Clique ruling with Three People’s Principles and Material Development Planning under the guidance of Sun Zhongshan, the paper analyzes the evolution Characteristics of urban form in the four major cities, which was Wuzhou, Liuzhou, Nanning and Guilin, includes that demolishing the walls, constructing ring roads at the original sites, straightening streets of cities, expanding and changing them to roads, then building arcades on both sides to escape the rain and the sun, and finally adding the public facilities with drainage, docks, water and power supply, and so on, that could be considered as existed old city reconstruction with gradual developments. And it also shows that planning criss-cross roads network in a new district outside the old cities of the jumping rhythm by with new...

  Aiming at the old cities renovation planning practice by Guangxi Government with their military and political power from the 1920s to the 1930s, who were local warlords before and formed the New Kwai Clique ruling with Three People’s Principles and Material Development Planning under the...

  Li Ji

  787-796

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• Evolution of spatial planning strategies at Australian university campuses 1945-2017

  The design of the university campus is often seen as a microcosm of broader city planning trends. The university is now a global institution but this paper specifically explores trends in Australian university campus planning across several decades of political, institutional, economic, social and environmental change since the late 1940s. At mid-twentieth century campuses were legacy sites embodying design fashions from the past and awaited the exponential growth in demand for tertiary education which came in the post-war period when completely new campuses were also developed. A benchmark paradigm in campus and city planning from the late 1940s was master planning, denoting comprehensive, all-of-a-piece integrated blueprints. While the idea of holistic spatial strategies has not completely lapsed, campus planning processes have become more fluid, targeted and opportunistic, just as city planning generally has become more creative and flexible in dealing with faster rates of economic, social, technological, environmental and educational change. Our brief survey covers the major phase of post-war university development, a parallel and intersecting set of design epochs, and identification of some of the leading designers of the boom period through and on either side of the 1960s.

  The design of the university campus is often seen as a microcosm of broader city planning trends. The university is now a global institution but this paper specifically explores trends in Australian university campus planning across several decades of political, institutional, economic, social and environmental change since the late 1940s. At mid-twentieth century campuses were legacy sites embodying design fashions from the past and awaited the exponential growth in demand for tertiary education which came in the post-war period when completely new campuses were also developed. A benchmark paradigm in campus and city planning from the late 1940s was master planning, denoting comprehensive, all-of-a-piece integrated blueprints. While the idea of holistic spatial strategies has not completely lapsed, campus planning processes have become more fluid, targeted and opportunistic, just as city planning generally has become more creative and flexible in dealing with faster rates of...

  The design of the university campus is often seen as a microcosm of broader city planning trends. The university is now a global institution but this paper specifically explores trends in Australian university campus planning across several decades of political, institutional, economic, social...

  Robert Freestone, Nicola Pullan

  800-810

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• Collaborative planning for post-disaster reconstruction in Italy

  Community participation after a disaster is widely acknowledged to be crucial in both mitigation and reconstruction planning; however, to date very little research has been done on collaborative planning in a post-disaster context. This paper addresses the issue of collaborative planning for post-disaster reconstruction to effectively facilitate community participatory processes. First, we surveyed the characteristics of community participation for post-disaster reconstruction in Italy. Second, we studied the regional legislative regulations for reconstruction in Emilia-Romagna. Third, we compared the community participation and formulation processes of reconstruction planning tools used by communities. Lastly, we verified the dynamic mechanism of the town of Novi di Modena’s reconstruction planning process by using an evaluation framework with two axes: stage of planning process and community participation level. As a conclusion, we identified three key factors that encourage collaborative planning for reconstruction. The first key factor is the timing of the participatory process must be well managed. The second is a participatory proposal shared with citizens, which must be considered the guiding document for local development. The third key factor is regeneration scenarios for the whole territory considering the different periods must be defined, as well as the implementation strategies and tactics for each urban core.

  Community participation after a disaster is widely acknowledged to be crucial in both mitigation and reconstruction planning; however, to date very little research has been done on collaborative planning in a post-disaster context. This paper addresses the issue of collaborative planning for post-disaster reconstruction to effectively facilitate community participatory processes. First, we surveyed the characteristics of community participation for post-disaster reconstruction in Italy. Second, we studied the regional legislative regulations for reconstruction in Emilia-Romagna. Third, we compared the community participation and formulation processes of reconstruction planning tools used by communities. Lastly, we verified the dynamic mechanism of the town of Novi di Modena’s reconstruction planning process by using an evaluation framework with two axes: stage of planning process and community participation level. As a conclusion, we identified three key factors that encourage...

  Community participation after a disaster is widely acknowledged to be crucial in both mitigation and reconstruction planning; however, to date very little research has been done on collaborative planning in a post-disaster context. This paper addresses the issue of collaborative planning for...

  Tomoyuki Mashiko, Monia Guarino, Gianfranco Franz, Shigeru Satoh

  814-824

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• A study on the slum clearance redevelopment project and the community design project for disaster in Koto-delta

  The paper puts it focus on the activities of university researchers to organize the top-down urban planning and bottom-up community design with the theme of disaster in Koto-delta. Moreover, comparative and analysis of statistical data of Koto-delta for half a century show the necessary conditions for considering the disaster prevention planning. Koto-delta is the most dangerous area for disaster in Tokyo. Takayama presented the Koto Cross Disaster Prevention Belt Conception, after studying his laboratory, became the foundation of the current planning. While disaster prevention bases and public facilities have increased the disaster prevention performance of the area, the aging and unused facilities are now a problem. Otani and Sato aimed to improve the community by cooperative rebuilding of residents, but the discussion was difficult, and maintenance did not proceed. The statistical data shows that the safety of the area improved, but in addition to the failure of social mix due to largescale development, the loss of regional landscape and diversity due to the promotion of detached rebuilding, the resilience is decreasing.

  The paper puts it focus on the activities of university researchers to organize the top-down urban planning and bottom-up community design with the theme of disaster in Koto-delta. Moreover, comparative and analysis of statistical data of Koto-delta for half a century show the necessary conditions for considering the disaster prevention planning. Koto-delta is the most dangerous area for disaster in Tokyo. Takayama presented the Koto Cross Disaster Prevention Belt Conception, after studying his laboratory, became the foundation of the current planning. While disaster prevention bases and public facilities have increased the disaster prevention performance of the area, the aging and unused facilities are now a problem. Otani and Sato aimed to improve the community by cooperative rebuilding of residents, but the discussion was difficult, and maintenance did not proceed. The statistical data shows that the safety of the area improved, but in addition to the failure of social mix due...

  The paper puts it focus on the activities of university researchers to organize the top-down urban planning and bottom-up community design with the theme of disaster in Koto-delta. Moreover, comparative and analysis of statistical data of Koto-delta for half a century show the necessary...

  Motoki Fujisaki, Joseph Thomas Reyes, Saikaku Toyokawa

  825-833

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• Transplanting Hong Kong high-rise housing during the time of transition

  Hong Kong has been influencing the urban development of Chongqing since China’s post-1978 reform, which is a significant aspect of the contemporary urban history of Chongqing that remains unstudied. This case study focuses on the planning, design and implementation of Wanglongmen residential quarter project (1982-1992) to preliminarily explore how Chongqing learned from Hong Kong in pursuit of modernity in the early reform. The study finds that its planning and design were inspired by orthodox Hong Kong high-rise housing mode, but when transplanted to Chongqing, such mode interacted with the legacies of China’s pre-1978 planned-economy era, including small economic volume, underdeveloped housing commodification owing partly to ideological controversy, and vague building code. The interactions produced walk-up high-rise residences, and influenced building massing and landscaping. Besides, the logic behind some design tactics changed from pursing commercial profit to pursing public interest during the transplantation. The paper argues that when China was transforming from planned economy to market economy in the early reform, the influences from Hong Kong were emerging but the remains of the planned-economy era still prevailed. Such interim hindered Chongqing from duplicating Hong Kong housing comprehensively, but enabled Chongqing to reproduce Hong Kong’s modernity in an innocent and creative way.

  Hong Kong has been influencing the urban development of Chongqing since China’s post-1978 reform, which is a significant aspect of the contemporary urban history of Chongqing that remains unstudied. This case study focuses on the planning, design and implementation of Wanglongmen residential quarter project (1982-1992) to preliminarily explore how Chongqing learned from Hong Kong in pursuit of modernity in the early reform. The study finds that its planning and design were inspired by orthodox Hong Kong high-rise housing mode, but when transplanted to Chongqing, such mode interacted with the legacies of China’s pre-1978 planned-economy era, including small economic volume, underdeveloped housing commodification owing partly to ideological controversy, and vague building code. The interactions produced walk-up high-rise residences, and influenced building massing and landscaping. Besides, the logic behind some design tactics changed from pursing commercial profit to pursing...

  Hong Kong has been influencing the urban development of Chongqing since China’s post-1978 reform, which is a significant aspect of the contemporary urban history of Chongqing that remains unstudied. This case study focuses on the planning, design and implementation of Wanglongmen residential...

  Liran Chen

  860-870

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• Intensifying Gated Exclusiveness of Apartment Complex Boundary Design in Seoul, Korea

  The proliferation of private residential development is evident worldwide. In Seoul, these developments have distinctive spatial and morphological characteristics. Originally, government housing policies drove the construction of apartment complexes to ensure massive housing supply. Over time, development shifted, becoming more market-driven, aimed at the middle class, and built by the private sector. During the late 1990s, an increase in luxury high-rise apartment complexes increased, reflecting a tendency to live in a socioeconomically homogeneous community and propelling the proliferation of self-contained gated communities. To understand the continually increasing exclusive nature of apartment complexes in Seoul, we examine two areas with apartment complexes of different periods and development methods: Mok-dong, where the 1980s ‘Housing Site Development’ resulted in the simultaneous construction of multiple apartment complexes according to a single master-plan, and Geumho-dong, a neighbourhood transforming by apartment complexes under ‘Housing Redevelopment’ from the 1980s to the present. The research focused on 28 complexes, and measured the surrounding vertical borders, pedestrian paths, and roadways, and access control. Tracing these features over time, we investigated the increasingly exclusive nature and decreasing public nature of apartment complexes, consequences of development for physical and social space during different periods, and degree of public or private intervention.

  The proliferation of private residential development is evident worldwide. In Seoul, these developments have distinctive spatial and morphological characteristics. Originally, government housing policies drove the construction of apartment complexes to ensure massive housing supply. Over time, development shifted, becoming more market-driven, aimed at the middle class, and built by the private sector. During the late 1990s, an increase in luxury high-rise apartment complexes increased, reflecting a tendency to live in a socioeconomically homogeneous community and propelling the proliferation of self-contained gated communities. To understand the continually increasing exclusive nature of apartment complexes in Seoul, we examine two areas with apartment complexes of different periods and development methods: Mok-dong, where the 1980s ‘Housing Site Development’ resulted in the simultaneous construction of multiple apartment complexes according to a single master-plan, and...

  The proliferation of private residential development is evident worldwide. In Seoul, these developments have distinctive spatial and morphological characteristics. Originally, government housing policies drove the construction of apartment complexes to ensure massive housing supply. Over time,...

  Hyo-Jin Kim, Soe Won Hwang

  837-847

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• From the National Housing Bank to the My Home My Life program

  This article comparatively analyzes the policies of the National Housing Bank – BNH, and the Habitation Program entitled My Home My Life, based on the locational logic of subsidized housing complexes in the city of Aracaju-SE, Brazil. In Brazil, two programs deserve special mention: BNH, created in 1964 as the financing body for the construction of social housing, producing thousands of housing units until 2002, opening up expansion fronts for the reproduction of the real estate market. In the second, the PMCMV, initiated in 2009, one of the biggest obstacles is access to urbanized land, with alternative to the occupation of scattered, devalued and deprived areas of environmental sanitation and public transportation. So, it is questioned to what extent the actions of the PMCMV, regarding the dynamics of housing production resemble or are distinguished from those undertaken by BNH? For the development of this, quantitative and qualitative information was collected in public agencies, generating tables and mapping the insertion of the enterprises in Aracaju. Thus, there are coincidences regarding the peripheral and dispersed logic of these sets, highlighting the clear socio-spatial segregation of the lower income strata, in the search for land valuation in function of public and private investments.

  This article comparatively analyzes the policies of the National Housing Bank – BNH, and the Habitation Program entitled My Home My Life, based on the locational logic of subsidized housing complexes in the city of Aracaju-SE, Brazil. In Brazil, two programs deserve special mention: BNH, created in 1964 as the financing body for the construction of social housing, producing thousands of housing units until 2002, opening up expansion fronts for the reproduction of the real estate market. In the second, the PMCMV, initiated in 2009, one of the biggest obstacles is access to urbanized land, with alternative to the occupation of scattered, devalued and deprived areas of environmental sanitation and public transportation. So, it is questioned to what extent the actions of the PMCMV, regarding the dynamics of housing production resemble or are distinguished from those undertaken by BNH? For the development of this, quantitative and qualitative information was collected in public...

  This article comparatively analyzes the policies of the National Housing Bank – BNH, and the Habitation Program entitled My Home My Life, based on the locational logic of subsidized housing complexes in the city of Aracaju-SE, Brazil. In Brazil, two programs deserve special mention: BNH,...

  Sarah Lucia Alves Franca, Vera Lucia F. Rezende

  848-856

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• Transplanting Hong Kong high-rise housing during the time of transition

  Hong Kong has been influencing the urban development of Chongqing since China’s post-1978 reform, which is a significant aspect of the contemporary urban history of Chongqing that remains unstudied. This case study focuses on the planning, design and implementation of Wanglongmen residential quarter project (1982-1992) to preliminarily explore how Chongqing learned from Hong Kong in pursuit of modernity in the early reform. The study finds that its planning and design were inspired by orthodox Hong Kong high-rise housing mode, but when transplanted to Chongqing, such mode interacted with the legacies of China’s pre-1978 planned-economy era, including small economic volume, underdeveloped housing commodification owing partly to ideological controversy, and vague building code. The interactions produced walk-up high-rise residences, and influenced building massing and landscaping. Besides, the logic behind some design tactics changed from pursing commercial profit to pursing public interest during the transplantation. The paper argues that when China was transforming from planned economy to market economy in the early reform, the influences from Hong Kong were emerging but the remains of the planned-economy era still prevailed. Such interim hindered Chongqing from duplicating Hong Kong housing comprehensively, but enabled Chongqing to reproduce Hong Kong’s modernity in an innocent and creative way.

  Hong Kong has been influencing the urban development of Chongqing since China’s post-1978 reform, which is a significant aspect of the contemporary urban history of Chongqing that remains unstudied. This case study focuses on the planning, design and implementation of Wanglongmen residential quarter project (1982-1992) to preliminarily explore how Chongqing learned from Hong Kong in pursuit of modernity in the early reform. The study finds that its planning and design were inspired by orthodox Hong Kong high-rise housing mode, but when transplanted to Chongqing, such mode interacted with the legacies of China’s pre-1978 planned-economy era, including small economic volume, underdeveloped housing commodification owing partly to ideological controversy, and vague building code. The interactions produced walk-up high-rise residences, and influenced building massing and landscaping. Besides, the logic behind some design tactics changed from pursing commercial profit to pursing...

  Hong Kong has been influencing the urban development of Chongqing since China’s post-1978 reform, which is a significant aspect of the contemporary urban history of Chongqing that remains unstudied. This case study focuses on the planning, design and implementation of Wanglongmen residential...

  Liran Chen

  860-870

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• Seoul’s morphology as ‘Apartment Complex City’ shaped by housing development methods

  Seoul has materialized a unique built form on its urban terrain through aggressively constructing apartment complexes, a large-scale, single-parcel private territory, over the last half-a-century. The historical formation of apartment complexes differs significantly based on elements such as the development policies in each period, development mechanisms, the degree of public control, and the extent of private engagement. The research will examine the consequences of the entire ‘apartment complexes’ in Seoul and their morphological characteristics, particularly affected by development methods over time. The analysis is composed of (1) basic historical overview on planning policies and development methods that principally encouraged the apartment complex construction in the context of Seoul’s urban expansion since the 1970s and (2) morphological attribute of Seoul’s entire apartment complexes (2,172). The formal characteristics of apartment complexes are analysed in term of such morphological elements as plot (apartment complex as single parcel), building, street and density among others. The morphological characteristic in relation to development method provides insights related to genesis aspects of apartment complex emergence regarding its morphological characteristics. By focusing on morphological aspect, the study intends to examine the spatial manifestation of massive apartment complex building that has formed and transformed Seoul over the modernization years

  Seoul has materialized a unique built form on its urban terrain through aggressively constructing apartment complexes, a large-scale, single-parcel private territory, over the last half-a-century. The historical formation of apartment complexes differs significantly based on elements such as the development policies in each period, development mechanisms, the degree of public control, and the extent of private engagement. The research will examine the consequences of the entire ‘apartment complexes’ in Seoul and their morphological characteristics, particularly affected by development methods over time. The analysis is composed of (1) basic historical overview on planning policies and development methods that principally encouraged the apartment complex construction in the context of Seoul’s urban expansion since the 1970s and (2) morphological attribute of Seoul’s entire apartment complexes (2,172). The formal characteristics of apartment complexes are analysed in term...

  Seoul has materialized a unique built form on its urban terrain through aggressively constructing apartment complexes, a large-scale, single-parcel private territory, over the last half-a-century. The historical formation of apartment complexes differs significantly based on elements such as...

  Soe Won Hwang

  871-882

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• The Landscape: Italy and Russia

  The paper presents the results of the PhD research of author supported by the Erasmus Mundus Action 2 Programme of the European Union. The paper is dedicated to the landscape planning after European Landscape Convention, in particularly to the Italian experience, demonstrates the differences of understanding the landscape related to social, linguistic, economic, environmental aspects and its interrelationship. European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000) defined that landscape has “an important public interest role in the cultural, ecological, environmental and social fields”. These intends various possibilities for new programs, for new tools, for new process and activity in regard the city as a landscape. The research investigates the theme of landscaping planning in Italy to answer the main question of the thesis: how can the ELC's addresses be applied to the Russian case through experience of Italian landscape planning. To achieve this goal, has been verified: the process of integrating the European Landscape Convention, the Italian legislative system and landscape planning tools.

  The paper presents the results of the PhD research of author supported by the Erasmus Mundus Action 2 Programme of the European Union. The paper is dedicated to the landscape planning after European Landscape Convention, in particularly to the Italian experience, demonstrates the differences of understanding the landscape related to social, linguistic, economic, environmental aspects and its interrelationship. European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000) defined that landscape has “an important public interest role in the cultural, ecological, environmental and social fields”. These intends various possibilities for new programs, for new tools, for new process and activity in regard the city as a landscape. The research investigates the theme of landscaping planning in Italy to answer the main question of the thesis: how can the ELC's addresses be applied to the Russian case through experience of Italian landscape planning. To achieve this goal, has been verified: the...

  The paper presents the results of the PhD research of author supported by the Erasmus Mundus Action 2 Programme of the European Union. The paper is dedicated to the landscape planning after European Landscape Convention, in particularly to the Italian experience, demonstrates the differences...

  Olga Maximova

  886-897

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• Spain in the international urban networks around the First World War

  The neutrality of Spain during First World War brought with it a significant economic growth. Then, Spain timidly joined the town planning forums of meetings, debates and exchanges that took place in the post-war European era. Some Spanish public institutions as the Instituto de Reformas Sociales, responsible for the social housing policy, and the City Councils of Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao, which tried to order their development; private institutions such as the Compañía Madrileña de Urbanización, promoter of the Madrid Linear City by Arturo Soria, and the Civic Society Ciudat Jardí in Barcelona, diffuser of the Garden City movement in Catalonia; and the first Town Planning Professor in the School of Architecture of Madrid, César Cort, attended different congresses looking for a solution to the housing problem along with the town planning extension issue. The aim of this paper is to show the Spanish town planners and technicians who participated in the international urban networks in order to consolidate the Spanish urbanism through the new technical, theoretical and legal tools that were being implemented in Europe. They also attended to proudly show some Spanish advances.

  The neutrality of Spain during First World War brought with it a significant economic growth. Then, Spain timidly joined the town planning forums of meetings, debates and exchanges that took place in the post-war European era. Some Spanish public institutions as the Instituto de Reformas Sociales, responsible for the social housing policy, and the City Councils of Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao, which tried to order their development; private institutions such as the Compañía Madrileña de Urbanización, promoter of the Madrid Linear City by Arturo Soria, and the Civic Society Ciudat Jardí in Barcelona, diffuser of the Garden City movement in Catalonia; and the first Town Planning Professor in the School of Architecture of Madrid, César Cort, attended different congresses looking for a solution to the housing problem along with the town planning extension issue. The aim of this paper is to show the Spanish town planners and technicians who participated in the international...

  The neutrality of Spain during First World War brought with it a significant economic growth. Then, Spain timidly joined the town planning forums of meetings, debates and exchanges that took place in the post-war European era. Some Spanish public institutions as the Instituto de Reformas...

  Maria Christina Garcia Gonzalez, Salvador Guerrero

  898-908

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• The town planning congresses at the Paris International Exhibition of 1937

  1937 is an excellent focal point to look at the international planning movement on the eve of the Second World War. Indeed, the International Exhibition of Paris has hosted several congresses devoted to urban planning in the world. Dealing with regional planning, the International Federation for Housing and Town Planning (IFHTP) held its 15th congress, while the CIAM 5, dedicated to “Logis et loisirs” (Dwelling, recreation) was organised by Le Corbusier in connection with an exhibition at the Pavillon les Temps nouveaux. This contribution proposes to present the relations between both congresses in the thirties. Emphasis will be put more on the convergences than on the divergences of topics carried out by the experts of the IFHTP and by the avant-garde architects of the CIAM, at a time when planning and politics were challenged by the rise of fascism and the threat of a world conflict.

  1937 is an excellent focal point to look at the international planning movement on the eve of the Second World War. Indeed, the International Exhibition of Paris has hosted several congresses devoted to urban planning in the world. Dealing with regional planning, the International Federation for Housing and Town Planning (IFHTP) held its 15th congress, while the CIAM 5, dedicated to “Logis et loisirs” (Dwelling, recreation) was organised by Le Corbusier in connection with an exhibition at the Pavillon les Temps nouveaux. This contribution proposes to present the relations between both congresses in the thirties. Emphasis will be put more on the convergences than on the divergences of topics carried out by the experts of the IFHTP and by the avant-garde architects of the CIAM, at a time when planning and politics were challenged by the rise of fascism and the threat of a world conflict.

  1937 is an excellent focal point to look at the international planning movement on the eve of the Second World War. Indeed, the International Exhibition of Paris has hosted several congresses devoted to urban planning in the world. Dealing with regional planning, the International Federation...

  Corinne Jaquand

  909-919

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• Historical processes of urban form and land-use change at Shwedagon Pagoda’s surrounding area in Yangon, Myanmar

  Shwedagon Pagoda is located at the centre of Yangon, Myanmar. It is one of the nation’s most respected religious monuments. The objective of this research was to identify the details of the historical processes of urban form and land-use change in the area surrounding the pagoda in relation to political regime transition. This research also focused on the evolving processes of the pagoda festival and its land use in the surrounding area; the festival is a typical occasion during which the relationship between the pagoda and the surrounding area is prominently visible. An interview survey, newspaper review survey, field survey, mapping work, and literature review were conducted to accomplish this research’s goals. The pagoda’s land property and the land use of the surrounding area have undergone significant changes. This research identified the historical processes through which temporary, multi-purpose open spaces in the area surrounding the pagoda have been divided, fixed for individual land uses, and segmentalized according to role during the pagoda festival. For example, this includes markets and stalls that have been altered for use as permanent shops and restaurants, entertainment and amusement facilities that were enclosed in parks, and smaller forms of lodging that have become hotels.

  Shwedagon Pagoda is located at the centre of Yangon, Myanmar. It is one of the nation’s most respected religious monuments. The objective of this research was to identify the details of the historical processes of urban form and land-use change in the area surrounding the pagoda in relation to political regime transition. This research also focused on the evolving processes of the pagoda festival and its land use in the surrounding area; the festival is a typical occasion during which the relationship between the pagoda and the surrounding area is prominently visible. An interview survey, newspaper review survey, field survey, mapping work, and literature review were conducted to accomplish this research’s goals. The pagoda’s land property and the land use of the surrounding area have undergone significant changes. This research identified the historical processes through which temporary, multi-purpose open spaces in the area surrounding the pagoda have been divided, fixed...

  Shwedagon Pagoda is located at the centre of Yangon, Myanmar. It is one of the nation’s most respected religious monuments. The objective of this research was to identify the details of the historical processes of urban form and land-use change in the area surrounding the pagoda in relation...

  Kuniomi Hirano, Makoto Yokohari

  923-934

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• Study on Kaishochi changes before and after the war-damage-recovery land readjustment programs of Nagoya City, Japanese Castle Town

  In this paper, focusing on open temple-type kaishochi (open areas ensconced in the design of urban blocks) located in the district of Nagoya City in Japan’s Aichi Prefecture, we will review the effects of the war-damage-recovery land readjustment programs, through which the city has experienced a number of major transformation. Specifically, we will elucidate the actual state of such kaishochi before and after the project by examining residual trends of temple-type structures by using maps produced before and after the project implementation. Targeting 66 Edo-period kaishochi blocks in the Nagoya Castle district, we first analyzed the differences between the land usage decrease rate for the whole district and that for the targeted kaishochis. Next, we analyzed transformations of usage and form using the maps produced before and after the project implementation. As a result of our analysis, the following three points were clarified. First, even though the number of temple-type kaishochis is decreasing, there has been little change in the area they occupy. Second, there has been little change in kaishochi usage before and after the project implementation. Third, looking at the kaishochi forms, we can find changes from Flagpole type (large inner area with narrow outside access), no-contact type (large inner area with no public access to outside roads), and integrated type (large access to outside road).

  In this paper, focusing on open temple-type kaishochi (open areas ensconced in the design of urban blocks) located in the district of Nagoya City in Japan’s Aichi Prefecture, we will review the effects of the war-damage-recovery land readjustment programs, through which the city has experienced a number of major transformation. Specifically, we will elucidate the actual state of such kaishochi before and after the project by examining residual trends of temple-type structures by using maps produced before and after the project implementation. Targeting 66 Edo-period kaishochi blocks in the Nagoya Castle district, we first analyzed the differences between the land usage decrease rate for the whole district and that for the targeted kaishochis. Next, we analyzed transformations of usage and form using the maps produced before and after the project implementation. As a result of our analysis, the following three points were clarified. First, even though the number of temple-type...

  In this paper, focusing on open temple-type kaishochi (open areas ensconced in the design of urban blocks) located in the district of Nagoya City in Japan’s Aichi Prefecture, we will review the effects of the war-damage-recovery land readjustment programs, through which the city has...

  Kenjiro Matsuura

  935-943

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• Street art as a way to enhance the vitality of Uurban public spaces

  Street art is a unique artistic behavior that takes place in the urban public space. Its uniqueness is not only manifested in the form of immediacy, participation, and mobility, but also has a great value to enhance space dynamism, increase human interaction, and shaping the spirit of place. In most Chinese cities, street art is often equated with "fraud", which not only hampers the development of street art, but also hinders the promotion of vitality of public space, for a livable and lively city, the public space should not be merely a purely physical space, but should be the sum of the spirit of the place and the vitality of the space. The research question of this paper is: how to reduce the external negative effects of street art and actively shape and regenerate the vitality of urban public space? Research based on literature review and the summary, first of all, review and define the concept of "street art", and carries on the classification, it is believed that street art can change from "urban problem" to "urban landscape", then, the relationship between "street art" and "urban public space vitality" is discussed, performance analysis found a busker behavior can not only enhance the vitality of the public space (one-way intervention), also can attract audience participation, through the interaction with the audience to arouse public space activity (two-way intervention). And then from the perspectives of government, NGO and ordinary citizens, multi-dimensional detailed analysis the art management experience on the streets of Taipei, found that through the government management, system design, the multi-agent organization and the public participation to cultivate a variety of means such as, the urban public space of street art promotion activity provides effective guarantee system and management, and reduce the street art of the outer space of the city has negative effects. Based on this, the paper puts forward the spatial layout pattern of “centralized and decentralized complementarity”, the behavioral restraint mechanism of “rigidity and elasticity”, and the multi-agent intervention management of “organization and self-organization”,“Planning for Positive Public Opinion and Strict Enforcement of Law Enforcement” and other planning strategies. This paper argues that, by using the experience of management of Taipei street artists, from space, organization, policy formulation, implementation and operation aspects improve mainland China the level of city governance, with a view to providing references for the regeneration and shaping of the vitality of urban public space in China, and to provide a useful reference for the management of street artists.

  Street art is a unique artistic behavior that takes place in the urban public space. Its uniqueness is not only manifested in the form of immediacy, participation, and mobility, but also has a great value to enhance space dynamism, increase human interaction, and shaping the spirit of place. In most Chinese cities, street art is often equated with "fraud", which not only hampers the development of street art, but also hinders the promotion of vitality of public space, for a livable and lively city, the public space should not be merely a purely physical space, but should be the sum of the spirit of the place and the vitality of the space. The research question of this paper is: how to reduce the external negative effects of street art and actively shape and regenerate the vitality of urban public space? Research based on literature review and the summary, first of all, review and define the concept of "street art", and carries on the classification, it is believed that street art...

  Street art is a unique artistic behavior that takes place in the urban public space. Its uniqueness is not only manifested in the form of immediacy, participation, and mobility, but also has a great value to enhance space dynamism, increase human interaction, and shaping the spirit of place....

  Zhang Peng, Dong Wei

  944-955

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• A Study on Urban Regeneration Policy Change in Korea

  After the physical redevelopment and reconstruction in the late 1970s, the paradigm on urban regeneration in Korea shifted from maintenance to restoration and sustainability. This study highlighted that those changes occurred rapidly and not gradually over a short period of time. This study researched diachronic changes on urban regeneration policies after the 1970s in Korea using an analysing model that compensated for the theoretical limits of Hogwood and Peters. The limitations of former policies and internal and external socio-economic factors are shown to have affected dynamic policy changes. This study’s academic significance is that it suggests policy implications for cities that have similar urban growth processes to Korea.

  After the physical redevelopment and reconstruction in the late 1970s, the paradigm on urban regeneration in Korea shifted from maintenance to restoration and sustainability. This study highlighted that those changes occurred rapidly and not gradually over a short period of time. This study researched diachronic changes on urban regeneration policies after the 1970s in Korea using an analysing model that compensated for the theoretical limits of Hogwood and Peters. The limitations of former policies and internal and external socio-economic factors are shown to have affected dynamic policy changes. This study’s academic significance is that it suggests policy implications for cities that have similar urban growth processes to Korea.

  After the physical redevelopment and reconstruction in the late 1970s, the paradigm on urban regeneration in Korea shifted from maintenance to restoration and sustainability. This study highlighted that those changes occurred rapidly and not gradually over a short period of time. This study...

  Hyunjin An, Aeijung Song, Hyeon-yong Park, Meeyoung Kim

  961-970

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• Balancing environment, economy and equity

  By 2050, 66 per cent of the world’s population will be living in urban areas, with approximately 90 per cent of this increase occurring across Africa and Asia. While urbanisation is proving to be rewarding in terms of providing access to employment and infrastructure, its rapid pace is equally challenging to deal with as poverty, urban sprawl and environmental degradation are some outcomes of urban life that far outweigh the positives. Most often noticeable in developing countries is a trend of disproportionate distribution of population across urban areas, which in most cases has led to huge pressures on land, infrastructure, environment and economy(s) of cities. This paper seeks to examine the role of urban planning and the integration of current concerns of environment, economy and equity into master planning of three cities, on the basis that master plans can be more effective in enabling the sustainable growth of cities. The master plans of three cities – Sawai Madhopur in India, Curitiba in Brazil and Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, are discussed in this paper with the intention of examining how these cities have dealt with rapid urbanisation and economic growth by employing master planning initiatives that seek to protect the environment, while allowing for sustainable growth in terms of the city’s landuse and its infrastructure.

  By 2050, 66 per cent of the world’s population will be living in urban areas, with approximately 90 per cent of this increase occurring across Africa and Asia. While urbanisation is proving to be rewarding in terms of providing access to employment and infrastructure, its rapid pace is equally challenging to deal with as poverty, urban sprawl and environmental degradation are some outcomes of urban life that far outweigh the positives. Most often noticeable in developing countries is a trend of disproportionate distribution of population across urban areas, which in most cases has led to huge pressures on land, infrastructure, environment and economy(s) of cities. This paper seeks to examine the role of urban planning and the integration of current concerns of environment, economy and equity into master planning of three cities, on the basis that master plans can be more effective in enabling the sustainable growth of cities. The master plans of three cities – Sawai Madhopur...

  By 2050, 66 per cent of the world’s population will be living in urban areas, with approximately 90 per cent of this increase occurring across Africa and Asia. While urbanisation is proving to be rewarding in terms of providing access to employment and infrastructure, its rapid pace is...

  Swati Ramanathan, Vidhu Gandhi

  971-978

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• The Japanese 1919 city planning act system in the world history of planning

  The City Planning Act of 1919, established under the strong influence of Western modern planning, was the nation's first modern planning legislation. This paper is an attempt to position the planning system created by the 1919 Act within the framework of the world history of planning.

  Unlike the Western countries, the Japanese system was created -- not by planning professionals -- by the bureaucrats of the central government, who eventually had a fairly high level of professional expertise. We name this situation "bureaucratic professionalism", which may be quite unique in contrast to the Western planning system.

  The 1919 planning system was highly centralized in which small number of elite planning bureaucrats of the Home Ministry efficiently controlled the planning decisions all over the country. The Ministry prescribed the nation-wide, pre-established, uniform planning standards and asked the local government to follow. The Ministry created the City Planning Local Commission in all prefectures as its de facto branch offices and regularly dispatched its elite planning bureaucrats to the Commission's secretariat.

  These bureaucrats consisted of general administrative officers and three kinds of specialist technical officials in civil engineering, architecture, and parks. They, as a group, seem to satisfy most of the elements of professionalism in general. But in reality, the group was a compound of administrators and three clearly separated specialists. It may be hard to say that these professional bureaucrats have established a city planning profession as a whole.

  The City Planning Act of 1919, established under the strong influence of Western modern planning, was the nation's first modern planning legislation. This paper is an attempt to position the planning system created by the 1919 Act within the framework of the world history of planning.

  Unlike the Western countries, the Japanese system was created -- not by planning professionals -- by the bureaucrats of the central government, who eventually had a fairly high level of professional expertise. We name this situation "bureaucratic professionalism", which may be quite unique in contrast to the Western planning system.

  The 1919 planning system was highly centralized in which small number of elite planning bureaucrats of the Home Ministry efficiently controlled the planning decisions all over the country. The Ministry prescribed the nation-wide, pre-established, uniform planning standards and asked the local government to follow. The Ministry created the City Planning...

  The City Planning Act of 1919, established under the strong influence of Western modern planning, was the nation's first modern planning legislation. This paper is an attempt to position the planning system created by the 1919 Act within the framework of the world history of planning.

  ...

  Shunichi J. Watanabe

  938-990

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• An evaluation of the urbanization process of Galata (İstanbul) in the 19th century through the maps of Huber, d’Ostoya and Goad

  İstanbul underwent great changes to its urban texture as a result of the period of westernization that took place in the 19th Century. Beyoğlu and Galata, which represented the occidental and cosmopolitan face of the city, were among the settlements most influenced by these changes. This study aims to examine the spatial effects of these changes through the integration of old city maps of Beyoğlu and Galata with modern Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The maps of G. d'Ostoya (1858-1860), R. Huber (1887-1891) and Charles E. Goad (1904-1906) are the documents which are used in this context. The maps have been coordinated with GIS software and the items (such as buildings, roads, empty spaces) which they included as raster data have been transformed into vector data to make comparisons and superpositions possible within the GIS environment. Thus, the transformation of urban space can be revealed, and conclusions about how Galata was exposed to changes in the 19th Century can be drawn.

  İstanbul underwent great changes to its urban texture as a result of the period of westernization that took place in the 19th Century. Beyoğlu and Galata, which represented the occidental and cosmopolitan face of the city, were among the settlements most influenced by these changes. This study aims to examine the spatial effects of these changes through the integration of old city maps of Beyoğlu and Galata with modern Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The maps of G. d'Ostoya (1858-1860), R. Huber (1887-1891) and Charles E. Goad (1904-1906) are the documents which are used in this context. The maps have been coordinated with GIS software and the items (such as buildings, roads, empty spaces) which they included as raster data have been transformed into vector data to make comparisons and superpositions possible within the GIS environment. Thus, the transformation of urban space can be revealed, and conclusions about how Galata was exposed to changes in the 19th Century can...

  İstanbul underwent great changes to its urban texture as a result of the period of westernization that took place in the 19th Century. Beyoğlu and Galata, which represented the occidental and cosmopolitan face of the city, were among the settlements most influenced by these changes. This...

  Merve Ozbay Kunaci, Nuran Zeren Gulersoy

  994-1003

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• "Western imitation" in modern China's urban planning practice between the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China (1860-1927)

  At the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China, the ancient Chinese city was gradually transformed into a form that closes to a city with modern significance in terms of nature, the concept of construction, the management system and the spatial structure. Since the Western powers had previously dominated the global capital trade model and implemented the urban planning and construction paradigm, most of the modern Chinese learned and imitated the western models when they re-planned the original Chinese city areas. From the main source of imitation, it contains three categories: the concession, Japan, Europe and the United States. From the practitioner of imitation, most of them are politicians, social reformers, intellectuals with western culture and overseas Chinese with advanced notions. Their understanding and longing for the western urban planning laid the foundation of the transformation of China's modern urban planning. Based on relevant historical materials and existing researching literature, this paper analyses the process of understanding, imitating and implementing in modern China’s urban planning practice between 1860-1927 so as to make it clear that the particularity and universality in the birth and formation of modern Chinese urban planning.

  At the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China, the ancient Chinese city was gradually transformed into a form that closes to a city with modern significance in terms of nature, the concept of construction, the management system and the spatial structure. Since the Western powers had previously dominated the global capital trade model and implemented the urban planning and construction paradigm, most of the modern Chinese learned and imitated the western models when they re-planned the original Chinese city areas. From the main source of imitation, it contains three categories: the concession, Japan, Europe and the United States. From the practitioner of imitation, most of them are politicians, social reformers, intellectuals with western culture and overseas Chinese with advanced notions. Their understanding and longing for the western urban planning laid the foundation of the transformation of China's modern urban planning. Based on relevant historical materials and...

  At the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China, the ancient Chinese city was gradually transformed into a form that closes to a city with modern significance in terms of nature, the concept of construction, the management system and the spatial structure. Since the Western powers had...

  Xiaogeng Ren, Baihao Li, Diwen Shi

  1004-1012

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• Heritage value attribution

  This work aims at retrieving the historical trajectory of Sítio Alagadiço Novo – Fortaleza, Ceará – birthplace of the romantic writer, José de Alencar. Having never before been considered under the yoke of a scientific investigation, Sítio Alagadiço is currently suffering from the lack of attention and use by the surrounding community. By assuming that the relation between cultural heritage and community is a matter of value attribution, it is essential to understand the paths which led to this conflicting situation. Therefore, we seek to retrieve the property’s history since the arrival of the Alencar family up to the time it was heritage-listed by the National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN). Some of the questions raised throughout the process include: is the importance of the place due to the figure of José de Alencar and his literary heritage? What are the values assigned to it? Has the idea of upgrading the property as a historical asset come from the community? These questions guide the content of this paper. We intend to pursue the valuation process within its historical context and therefore reflect upon the inconsistency perceived between such valuation and the treatment currently given to the property.

  This work aims at retrieving the historical trajectory of Sítio Alagadiço Novo – Fortaleza, Ceará – birthplace of the romantic writer, José de Alencar. Having never before been considered under the yoke of a scientific investigation, Sítio Alagadiço is currently suffering from the lack of attention and use by the surrounding community. By assuming that the relation between cultural heritage and community is a matter of value attribution, it is essential to understand the paths which led to this conflicting situation. Therefore, we seek to retrieve the property’s history since the arrival of the Alencar family up to the time it was heritage-listed by the National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN). Some of the questions raised throughout the process include: is the importance of the place due to the figure of José de Alencar and his literary heritage? What are the values assigned to it? Has the idea of upgrading the property as a historical asset come...

  This work aims at retrieving the historical trajectory of Sítio Alagadiço Novo – Fortaleza, Ceará – birthplace of the romantic writer, José de Alencar. Having never before been considered under the yoke of a scientific investigation, Sítio Alagadiço is currently suffering from the...

  Marina de Castro Teixera Maia, Ines Martina Lersch

  1013-1023

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• Western Modernity interwoven with Chinese traditions:

  As one of the first Chinese cities opened to Western trade in mid 19th century, Shanghai soon became the preferred place of residence for foreign merchants and entrepreneurs in East Asia. Shanghai’s economy thrived and the people made this development possible came from various provinces of China, from the principal nations of Europe, the United States, Japan, and other Asian countries already colonised by the West. The relative importance of these communities varied from one period to another, but the barriers that separated them - languages, customs, and interests - all contributed to the fragmentation of the local society. This paper examines how different practices came to be grafted onto traditional systems and how Shanghai provided many opportunities for intercultural contacts between groups of people from vastly different backgrounds. I shall demonstrate that a new cosmopolitan society, largely modeled upon the Western modernity but interwoven with traditions from various parts of China, was rapidly emerging in Shanghai in the late nineteenth century, together with a distinctive “Shanghai identity” that shaped both Chinese and foreigners.

  As one of the first Chinese cities opened to Western trade in mid 19th century, Shanghai soon became the preferred place of residence for foreign merchants and entrepreneurs in East Asia. Shanghai’s economy thrived and the people made this development possible came from various provinces of China, from the principal nations of Europe, the United States, Japan, and other Asian countries already colonised by the West. The relative importance of these communities varied from one period to another, but the barriers that separated them - languages, customs, and interests - all contributed to the fragmentation of the local society. This paper examines how different practices came to be grafted onto traditional systems and how Shanghai provided many opportunities for intercultural contacts between groups of people from vastly different backgrounds. I shall demonstrate that a new cosmopolitan society, largely modeled upon the Western modernity but interwoven with traditions from...

  As one of the first Chinese cities opened to Western trade in mid 19th century, Shanghai soon became the preferred place of residence for foreign merchants and entrepreneurs in East Asia. Shanghai’s economy thrived and the people made this development possible came from various provinces of...

  Hang Lin

  1027-1035

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• Historical analysis of urban public transportation development in modern Tianjin (1902-1949)

  Tianjin was the earliest city opening urban public transport lines in China. Urban public transportation had profound impacts on urban construction and on the formation of urban structure in Tianjin from 1902 to 1949. Based on the background of urban development, this paper firstly divides the evolution process of public transportation represented by tramways and buses into three periods from the perspectives of the distribution, quantity and operation status of public transportation lines. It then analyses the strong influence of public transportation on urban roads construction from the view of the increased municipal income, road widening, improvement of pavement quality, and bridges construction and maintenance. Finally, by using qualitative and quantitative analysis and superposing the related statistical data with the historical map, it analyses the relationship among public transportation line density, land value partition and basic urban structure, and certifies they were highly relative. In conclusion, the paper argues that Tianjin urban public transport network was based on trams and supplemented by buses, and not only planning ideas but also advanced municipal technologies from the West like public transportation system were also indispensable supports in the process of urban modernization in Chinese modern treaty ports.

  Tianjin was the earliest city opening urban public transport lines in China. Urban public transportation had profound impacts on urban construction and on the formation of urban structure in Tianjin from 1902 to 1949. Based on the background of urban development, this paper firstly divides the evolution process of public transportation represented by tramways and buses into three periods from the perspectives of the distribution, quantity and operation status of public transportation lines. It then analyses the strong influence of public transportation on urban roads construction from the view of the increased municipal income, road widening, improvement of pavement quality, and bridges construction and maintenance. Finally, by using qualitative and quantitative analysis and superposing the related statistical data with the historical map, it analyses the relationship among public transportation line density, land value partition and basic urban structure, and certifies they were...

  Tianjin was the earliest city opening urban public transport lines in China. Urban public transportation had profound impacts on urban construction and on the formation of urban structure in Tianjin from 1902 to 1949. Based on the background of urban development, this paper firstly divides the...

  Yili Zhao, Lin Feng, Yanchen Sun, Kun Song

  1036-1047

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• Planning modern cities in China

  Tianjin, one of the so-called Treaty Ports that opened to foreign trade under the unequal treaties was home to nine foreign concessions. In each concession, the foreign powers created urban forms and functions that mirrored practices in their respective home countries. This article explores the consecutive establishment and implementation of regulations in eight out of nine foreign concessions in Tianjin between 1860 and 1945. It firstly provides an overview of regulation types and legislative systems of the concessions. Secondly, it compares these regulations and bylaws with the ones in their home countries. Thirdly, it compares the specific cases of Tianjin concessions with each other. Finally, it places the Tianjin case in the context of other Chinese port city concessions. In conclusion, it argues that the regulations of concessions in Tianjin not only showed a strong influence from their home countries in a top-down setting, but also interacted with each other in a peer-to-peer setting. The circulation of these regulations, within Tianjin and among treaty ports in China, was promoted by governments’ central control, municipal councils’ intervention and individuals’ movements from one place to another.

  Tianjin, one of the so-called Treaty Ports that opened to foreign trade under the unequal treaties was home to nine foreign concessions. In each concession, the foreign powers created urban forms and functions that mirrored practices in their respective home countries. This article explores the consecutive establishment and implementation of regulations in eight out of nine foreign concessions in Tianjin between 1860 and 1945. It firstly provides an overview of regulation types and legislative systems of the concessions. Secondly, it compares these regulations and bylaws with the ones in their home countries. Thirdly, it compares the specific cases of Tianjin concessions with each other. Finally, it places the Tianjin case in the context of other Chinese port city concessions. In conclusion, it argues that the regulations of concessions in Tianjin not only showed a strong influence from their home countries in a top-down setting, but also interacted with each other in a...

  Tianjin, one of the so-called Treaty Ports that opened to foreign trade under the unequal treaties was home to nine foreign concessions. In each concession, the foreign powers created urban forms and functions that mirrored practices in their respective home countries. This article explores...

  Yanchen Sun, Carola Hein, Kun Song, Lin Feng

  1048-1059

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• How urban spaces remember

  International Expos can leave long-lasting imprints on host cities. The production and evolution of legacy public spaces from these events deserve scholarly attention. Case studies were conducted at two former expo sites in the US and Australia, focusing on the role of retention, reuse, heritage, and parks conservation in the evolution of public spaces. In preparation for Hemisfair ’68, in San Antonio, Texas, conservationists saved 22 historic buildings out of hundreds demolished. Although only a small proportion of buildings were preserved, preservationists challenged a modernist urban renewal plan and the design became a precedent for incorporating heritage conservation in modern urban design. Today, the Hemisfair site is subject to new redevelopment plans. Calls to preserve remaining modernist pavilions challenge New Urbanist visions for the site. In a second case study, an industrial district was cleared and a working-class neighbourhood transformed for Expo ’88, in Brisbane, Queensland. The site was later redeveloped into the South Bank Parklands. Over time, South Bank evolved through redevelopment and master planning, public outcry, and instances of conservation in and around the expo site. Common to both cases is the conservation of parks, heritage, and artwork, outcomes of individual and collective actions to shape urban landscapes.

  International Expos can leave long-lasting imprints on host cities. The production and evolution of legacy public spaces from these events deserve scholarly attention. Case studies were conducted at two former expo sites in the US and Australia, focusing on the role of retention, reuse, heritage, and parks conservation in the evolution of public spaces. In preparation for Hemisfair ’68, in San Antonio, Texas, conservationists saved 22 historic buildings out of hundreds demolished. Although only a small proportion of buildings were preserved, preservationists challenged a modernist urban renewal plan and the design became a precedent for incorporating heritage conservation in modern urban design. Today, the Hemisfair site is subject to new redevelopment plans. Calls to preserve remaining modernist pavilions challenge New Urbanist visions for the site. In a second case study, an industrial district was cleared and a working-class neighbourhood transformed for Expo ’88, in...

  International Expos can leave long-lasting imprints on host cities. The production and evolution of legacy public spaces from these events deserve scholarly attention. Case studies were conducted at two former expo sites in the US and Australia, focusing on the role of retention, reuse,...

  Jennifer Minner, Martin Abbott

  1063-1074

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• Tourism in the slums of Rio de Janeiro

  The slums of Rio de Janeiro have been the stage of recent urban changes related to tourism-related activities, chiefly those linked to the large sports events such as 2014 FIFA World Cup, and the 2016 Olympic. The visiting by Brazilian and foreign people was always significant in the city, and the increase of the flow in the slums is a relevant fact. This article seeks to put the changes in the recent urban dynamics of those areas into perspective, as caused by popular settlements in which tourism has been bringing changes about, initially related to urban mobility, in the case of the large works done by the government. These interventions brought reflexes embodied in private and community-related investments, with the opening of hostels, bars and restaurants, along with the creation of new open spaces, such as parks and ecological trails. The work has been going on, with the mapping of these activities in the slums of Rio's South Zone, especially in the slum of Babilônia-Chapéu Mangueira, seeking data on their locations, and on the importance of community participation, and the relevance of public policies in the process at hand.

  The slums of Rio de Janeiro have been the stage of recent urban changes related to tourism-related activities, chiefly those linked to the large sports events such as 2014 FIFA World Cup, and the 2016 Olympic. The visiting by Brazilian and foreign people was always significant in the city, and the increase of the flow in the slums is a relevant fact. This article seeks to put the changes in the recent urban dynamics of those areas into perspective, as caused by popular settlements in which tourism has been bringing changes about, initially related to urban mobility, in the case of the large works done by the government. These interventions brought reflexes embodied in private and community-related investments, with the opening of hostels, bars and restaurants, along with the creation of new open spaces, such as parks and ecological trails. The work has been going on, with the mapping of these activities in the slums of Rio's South Zone, especially in the slum of...

  The slums of Rio de Janeiro have been the stage of recent urban changes related to tourism-related activities, chiefly those linked to the large sports events such as 2014 FIFA World Cup, and the 2016 Olympic. The visiting by Brazilian and foreign people was always significant in the city, and...

  Sergio Moraes Rego Fagerlande

  1075-1084

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• Porous boundaries in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas

  Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, would be going through a third era of development, as a result of changes and accumulation of investments made in urban improvements. From alternative places of residence for the poor, where organized crime settled in the late twentieth century, today the slums of the South Side are places that are home to a new urban dynamics, with the rise of real estate prices, informal economy growth and increase of tourist and cultural activities. Community based initiatives have been an important way of social and spatial transformation. For the preparation of major sports events hosted by the city of Rio de Janeiro (FIFA World Cup 2014 and the 2016 Olympics) there were implemented new urban and public security projects in various slums. Our research presents the case study of the “Favela da Babilônia”. This slum presents an interesting process in its borders, having on one side a large forest area and on the other a formal middle-class neighborhood. The possibilities that community processes related to environmental issues, such as reforestation and tourism – structured on government built urban mobility infrastructure – have revealed Rio de Janeiro as a city in which diversity stands out.

  Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, would be going through a third era of development, as a result of changes and accumulation of investments made in urban improvements. From alternative places of residence for the poor, where organized crime settled in the late twentieth century, today the slums of the South Side are places that are home to a new urban dynamics, with the rise of real estate prices, informal economy growth and increase of tourist and cultural activities. Community based initiatives have been an important way of social and spatial transformation. For the preparation of major sports events hosted by the city of Rio de Janeiro (FIFA World Cup 2014 and the 2016 Olympics) there were implemented new urban and public security projects in various slums. Our research presents the case study of the “Favela da Babilônia”. This slum presents an interesting process in its borders, having on one side a large forest area and on the other a formal middle-class neighborhood....

  Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, would be going through a third era of development, as a result of changes and accumulation of investments made in urban improvements. From alternative places of residence for the poor, where organized crime settled in the late twentieth century, today the...

  Fabiana Generoso de Izaga, Sergio Moraes Rego Fagerlande, Rachel Coutinho Marques da Silva

  1085-1095

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• The Tokyo Olympics 2020 sport stadium controversy

  The Olympics is a contested site of sovereignty in terms of power balancing between the political (government), economic (global capitalism), cultural (iconic architects) entities and citizens. The paper focuses on iconic Olympic stadia designed by star architects in the era of global capitalism and explores the shifting and multifaceted identities of the iconic architects in global cultural industries. Taking the 2020 Tokyo Olympic stadium as a case study, the paper unpacks the relationship between the material and symbolic infrastructure of iconic architecture, which involves political interests, economic capitals and sitespecific memories. The paper argues that the Olympic stadium is an ideal site to examine the strategically constructed images and values of iconic architects and spectacular architecture, and that reveals the narrativisation and commodification of star architects and iconic buildings necessarily make themselves into ‘a global brand’. In this context, the paper concludes that national grand architectural projects, such as the construction of Olympic sport stadia, cannot operate outside the regime of global and local politics, and beyond the logic of neoliberal transnational capitalism.

  The Olympics is a contested site of sovereignty in terms of power balancing between the political (government), economic (global capitalism), cultural (iconic architects) entities and citizens. The paper focuses on iconic Olympic stadia designed by star architects in the era of global capitalism and explores the shifting and multifaceted identities of the iconic architects in global cultural industries. Taking the 2020 Tokyo Olympic stadium as a case study, the paper unpacks the relationship between the material and symbolic infrastructure of iconic architecture, which involves political interests, economic capitals and sitespecific memories. The paper argues that the Olympic stadium is an ideal site to examine the strategically constructed images and values of iconic architects and spectacular architecture, and that reveals the narrativisation and commodification of star architects and iconic buildings necessarily make themselves into ‘a global brand’. In this context, the...

  The Olympics is a contested site of sovereignty in terms of power balancing between the political (government), economic (global capitalism), cultural (iconic architects) entities and citizens. The paper focuses on iconic Olympic stadia designed by star architects in the era of global...

  Tomoko Tamari

  1099-1109

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• World Trade Architecture. The Twin Towers and global financial centers

  Currently, over 300 World Trade Center’s exist worldwide in more than 80 countries, functioning as nodes within a global infrastructure, dedicated to promoting global business development. However, almost fifty years since the inception of the World Trade Center Association, the denomination ‘World Trade Center’ remains almost exclusively designated to the World Trade Center Complex in New York, with its iconic Twin Towers functioning as representation of capital, power and global trade far beyond their destruction in 2001.The starting point of the proposed paper is the timely coincidence of the completion of the World Trade Center Complex in New York in the early1970s and the implementation of a new interdependent global currency system, marked by the end of the Gold Standard in 1973 and the initiation of fiat money. Arguing that the specific identity and symbolism of the Twin Towers and the New York World Trade Center has since helped to stabilize an unstable global financial system, this paper asks: what are the effects of the New York Twin Towers on the planning of Financial Centers worldwide? It seeks to examine, how the specific identity of the New York World Trade Center was created, what it served, how it has been maintained over time, and what its effects are on urban planning on a local and global scale. The paper will first describe the relation between finance, architecture and the built environment as well as its sociocultural impact, taking as an example the New York Twin Towers and the concurrent implementation of a new global financial system in the early nineteen seventies. It will then focus on local effects of the Twin Towers and the World Trade Center by looking at its planning history and the urban transformation of Lower Manhattan from port and radio district to World Financial Center, including both stakeholders involved in the project as well as the cultural, political and economic urban context of Manhattan at the time. Finally, it will explore the global effects of the Twin Towers on the planning of financial centres and its urban impacts. By looking at the planning history, effect and impact of the Twin Towers on global financial centers, this paper aims to shed light on the specific agency of architecture as a symbolic object for urban planning, world trade and global connectivity.

  Currently, over 300 World Trade Center’s exist worldwide in more than 80 countries, functioning as nodes within a global infrastructure, dedicated to promoting global business development. However, almost fifty years since the inception of the World Trade Center Association, the denomination ‘World Trade Center’ remains almost exclusively designated to the World Trade Center Complex in New York, with its iconic Twin Towers functioning as representation of capital, power and global trade far beyond their destruction in 2001.The starting point of the proposed paper is the timely coincidence of the completion of the World Trade Center Complex in New York in the early1970s and the implementation of a new interdependent global currency system, marked by the end of the Gold Standard in 1973 and the initiation of fiat money. Arguing that the specific identity and symbolism of the Twin Towers and the New York World Trade Center has since helped to stabilize an unstable global...

  Currently, over 300 World Trade Center’s exist worldwide in more than 80 countries, functioning as nodes within a global infrastructure, dedicated to promoting global business development. However, almost fifty years since the inception of the World Trade Center Association, the denomination...

  Uta Leconte

  1113-1122

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• Uzo Nishiyama’s planning methodology based on investigations of common people’s lives

  Uzo Nishiyama is known as a founder of dwelling science in Japan. He argued for establishment of dining rooms separate from sleeping rooms. This theory was derived from substantial investigation of ordinary houses in the 1930s. Nishiyama also made important accomplishments in town planning, and holds a unique position in Japanese urban planning. He established methodology to analyse urban situations from compound viewpoints on social phenomena, including domestic and overseas socioeconomic conditions, infrastructure development, and local government administration. In the case of urban problems, epistemology and policy theory are inseparable. Nishiyama saw that it was important to improve the planning ability of citizens to overcome negative conditions in Japanese cities; to this end, it was necessary to create a platform of ‘Image Planning’. Although Nishiyama shifted to a more bottom-up approach in the late 1960s, he continued to believe that the order of living space was brought about by the accumulation of the lives of common people. Today’s frontline urban planning researchers have developed theories under the influence of Nishiyama’s ideas, as his emphasis on quality of life has gained a high reputation.

  Uzo Nishiyama is known as a founder of dwelling science in Japan. He argued for establishment of dining rooms separate from sleeping rooms. This theory was derived from substantial investigation of ordinary houses in the 1930s. Nishiyama also made important accomplishments in town planning, and holds a unique position in Japanese urban planning. He established methodology to analyse urban situations from compound viewpoints on social phenomena, including domestic and overseas socioeconomic conditions, infrastructure development, and local government administration. In the case of urban problems, epistemology and policy theory are inseparable. Nishiyama saw that it was important to improve the planning ability of citizens to overcome negative conditions in Japanese cities; to this end, it was necessary to create a platform of ‘Image Planning’. Although Nishiyama shifted to a more bottom-up approach in the late 1960s, he continued to believe that the order of living space was...

  Uzo Nishiyama is known as a founder of dwelling science in Japan. He argued for establishment of dining rooms separate from sleeping rooms. This theory was derived from substantial investigation of ordinary houses in the 1930s. Nishiyama also made important accomplishments in town planning,...

  Hiroshi Nakabayashi

  1128-1137

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• Analysis of the spatial coupling of handicraft workshops in Chinese capitals before Qin and Han dynasties

  The ancient capital of China is an important materialized carrier for ancient civilizations. Nowadays, the ancient Chinese capital lacks attention to the secularized space in the capital, especially the space related to the handicraft production. In addition, whether or not the space division method of the ancient urban planning land use can be measured by the spatial division theory of modern urban planning is an issue worthy of discussion. This research is based on archeological reports and the latest progress in archaeology. It targets different types of handicraft workshops in 18 ancient capitals from Three Dynasties (i.e. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties) to Qin and Han Dynasties in China. The properties, scales, and location distribution of the workshops (including suspected relics) and other types of space are carried on the statistics and integrated application of multi-analysis methods, such as architectural spatial analysis and archeological database quantitative analysis. It also explores characteristics of handicraft workshops in different industries, including the spatial composition, distribution sites, spatial coupling and long-term spatial evolution. Meanwhile, it extracts the space land composition and attribute features, structural elements, distribution locus, planning methods, and the interaction process with other spaces. By the covariation analysis, the relationship between the evolution of inner space structure and civilization in the ancient capitals of China is put forward. The study has found:

  The ancient capital of China is an important materialized carrier for ancient civilizations. Nowadays, the ancient Chinese capital lacks attention to the secularized space in the capital, especially the space related to the handicraft production. In addition, whether or not the space division method of the ancient urban planning land use can be measured by the spatial division theory of modern urban planning is an issue worthy of discussion. This research is based on archeological reports and the latest progress in archaeology. It targets different types of handicraft workshops in 18 ancient capitals from Three Dynasties (i.e. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties) to Qin and Han Dynasties in China. The properties, scales, and location distribution of the workshops (including suspected relics) and other types of space are carried on the statistics and integrated application of multi-analysis methods, such as architectural spatial analysis and archeological database quantitative analysis....

  The ancient capital of China is an important materialized carrier for ancient civilizations. Nowadays, the ancient Chinese capital lacks attention to the secularized space in the capital, especially the space related to the handicraft production. In addition, whether or not the space division...

  Zhang Yidan

  1156-1168

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• New perspectives on the planning of Yuan Dadu

  Recent studies on Dadu, one of the capital cities of the Mongol Yuan dynasty, were increasingly situated in a holistic Eurasian background, shedding new light on the influence of nomadic traditions in its city planning in addition to using Chinese urban models. Whereas most of the previous studies took physical remains as their point of departure, this paper aims to understand the nomadic characteristics of Yuan Dadu through elucidating its two fundamental yet under-studied planning features: Firstly, the planning of the city in accordance with the unique measurement system of Yuan chi, whose length is significantly different from the Chinese dynasties that ruled from the Central Plains; Secondly, the prescribed eight-mu plot for each household in the History of the Yuan Dynasty, which took the shape of a 32-by-60-step rectangle based on the space model of nomadic families. I argue that the above two points can provide new perspectives on the systematic influence of nomadic way of life seen in the planning of the Yuan Dadu as well as the planning principle established by the Mongol regime.

  Recent studies on Dadu, one of the capital cities of the Mongol Yuan dynasty, were increasingly situated in a holistic Eurasian background, shedding new light on the influence of nomadic traditions in its city planning in addition to using Chinese urban models. Whereas most of the previous studies took physical remains as their point of departure, this paper aims to understand the nomadic characteristics of Yuan Dadu through elucidating its two fundamental yet under-studied planning features: Firstly, the planning of the city in accordance with the unique measurement system of Yuan chi, whose length is significantly different from the Chinese dynasties that ruled from the Central Plains; Secondly, the prescribed eight-mu plot for each household in the History of the Yuan Dynasty, which took the shape of a 32-by-60-step rectangle based on the space model of nomadic families. I argue that the above two points can provide new perspectives on the systematic influence of nomadic way...

  Recent studies on Dadu, one of the capital cities of the Mongol Yuan dynasty, were increasingly situated in a holistic Eurasian background, shedding new light on the influence of nomadic traditions in its city planning in addition to using Chinese urban models. Whereas most of the previous...

  Chunxiao Zhao

  1169-1179

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• The status change of culture and education in the traditional Chinese city landscape after the Song and Yuan Dynasty

  After the Song and Yuan dynasties, the development of the imperial examination system was witnessed by the spread of the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties. This was accompanied by the position of culture and education buildings in the local urban landscape system that was greatly improved, some even dominating the performance of the urban landscape. The resulted structure of the urban landscape before the Song Dynasty is described as the so-called status change of the "The Status Change of Culture and Education." Studies have shown that "The Status Change" during the Ming and Qing Dynasties could be found here and there. This work took the City of Yangzhou Prefecture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties as the research object. Starting from the background of the development of culture and education, this paper expounds the process and characteristics of such a status change during this period.

  After the Song and Yuan dynasties, the development of the imperial examination system was witnessed by the spread of the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties. This was accompanied by the position of culture and education buildings in the local urban landscape system that was greatly improved, some even dominating the performance of the urban landscape. The resulted structure of the urban landscape before the Song Dynasty is described as the so-called status change of the "The Status Change of Culture and Education." Studies have shown that "The Status Change" during the Ming and Qing Dynasties could be found here and there. This work took the City of Yangzhou Prefecture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties as the research object. Starting from the background of the development of culture and education, this paper expounds the process and characteristics of such a status change during this period.

  After the Song and Yuan dynasties, the development of the imperial examination system was witnessed by the spread of the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties. This was accompanied by the position of culture and education buildings in the local urban landscape system that was greatly...

  Lumin Yang, Yuan Pan, Yiming Yuan, Liang Liang, Xiaong Zhang

  1180-1188

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• Historical mapping of the urban form and the spatial power distribution in capital Jiankang in East Jin dynasty

  The Aristocratic Families, which had both political and economic privileges in early Imperial Ages of China with multiple generations working as government officials, had collectively become a core group of East Jin regime. As an important part of the etiquette system under central governance, the capital Jiankang served to display the legitimacy of the regime and to maintain the operational functions of both the nation’s apparatus and the city itself. By using Urban Historical Mapping and Geographic Information System as the methods of the spatial power distribution analysis, this paper focus on the distribution of core capital facilities including worship, administration, military and residence, and also the social status of their users. To conclude, the usage of capital space is a representation of the complex relationship and co-dependence among royalty, aristocratic and plebeians. The area inside the capital city wall is an outstanding space for the privileged class as well as the important representation that the aristocratic class joins the core of national powers. And the aristocrats were spatially distributed spread surrounding outside the capital city rather than congregated in one particular area, which made it easier to form their own power centers, leading to threats to the authority centralization.

  The Aristocratic Families, which had both political and economic privileges in early Imperial Ages of China with multiple generations working as government officials, had collectively become a core group of East Jin regime. As an important part of the etiquette system under central governance, the capital Jiankang served to display the legitimacy of the regime and to maintain the operational functions of both the nation’s apparatus and the city itself. By using Urban Historical Mapping and Geographic Information System as the methods of the spatial power distribution analysis, this paper focus on the distribution of core capital facilities including worship, administration, military and residence, and also the social status of their users. To conclude, the usage of capital space is a representation of the complex relationship and co-dependence among royalty, aristocratic and plebeians. The area inside the capital city wall is an outstanding space for the privileged class as...

  The Aristocratic Families, which had both political and economic privileges in early Imperial Ages of China with multiple generations working as government officials, had collectively become a core group of East Jin regime. As an important part of the etiquette system under central governance,...

  Zheng Chenwei

  1189-1198

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• The cultural-ecological mechanism of the urban space sustainable development by the view of the spatial perception logic

  With the development of globalization the conflict between with the ecological carrying capacity and growth limits, the development of urban space is in the passive circulation with the Ecological capacity -Development limit and Social technology-Decision making at present. Undoubtedly, it is the essence of the sustainable development of human settlements either to passively deal with the development or the shrewd decision of cultural self-discipline beyond reality. On the one hand, with the improvement of technology and the strengthening of control ability, human consume natural resources, break through ecological capacity or resource limit and move towards alienation, namely, the constraint mode controlled by Ecological capacity-Development limit. On the other hand, urban space adapted to different periods of cultural, institutional, spiritual and material functional needs, but also restricted by the corresponding values and cultural concepts in the process of development and Self-renewal, it shows the self-discipline mode of seeking the harmony and balance between the ecology, society and economy. Correspondingly, urban space development is under the interaction of culture and ecology, society, economy and politics, thus forming the corresponding cultural ecological system, that is, the essence of sustainable development of urban space under the culture-ecology mechanism. The investigation introduces the concept of cultural ecology based on the interdisciplinary methods of cultural ecology, system dynamics and urban-rural planning, focuses on the integration of urban space cultural elements, constructs the cultural-ecosystem of urban space, and probes into the rational decision-making mechanism under the corresponding self-discipline mode under the view of Culture-Ecosystem, which included the basic attributes of urban space, urban space value attribute, as well as the urban spatial quality attributes, according to the spatial perception logic with the spatial perceptual attribute layer based on requirement hierarchy. And then based on the characteristics of cultural-ecosystem to explore the essence of sustainable development of urban space, which is a sort of adaptive development mechanism that can be discussed with the boundary conditions, the derivative mechanism and the space-time coupling. Which can be formed the cultural-eco self-discipline system to face with the challenge of the globalization.

  With the development of globalization the conflict between with the ecological carrying capacity and growth limits, the development of urban space is in the passive circulation with the Ecological capacity -Development limit and Social technology-Decision making at present. Undoubtedly, it is the essence of the sustainable development of human settlements either to passively deal with the development or the shrewd decision of cultural self-discipline beyond reality. On the one hand, with the improvement of technology and the strengthening of control ability, human consume natural resources, break through ecological capacity or resource limit and move towards alienation, namely, the constraint mode controlled by Ecological capacity-Development limit. On the other hand, urban space adapted to different periods of cultural, institutional, spiritual and material functional needs, but also restricted by the corresponding values and cultural concepts in the process of development and...

  With the development of globalization the conflict between with the ecological carrying capacity and growth limits, the development of urban space is in the passive circulation with the Ecological capacity -Development limit and Social technology-Decision making at present. Undoubtedly, it is...

  Yunying Ren, Xiaochen Wu, Chao Chen

  1216-1227

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• Framing a new discourse on the notion of habitat in transforming societies

  This paper reveals how the second Iran International Congers of Architects (IICA), held in Persepolis- Shiraz in 1974, and the first UN Habitat conference, held in Vancouver, Canada in 1976 played an instrumental role in shaping a discourse on the notion of regionalism in the design for human habitats, especially in developing countries. Building upon a brief analysis of the works of Nader Ardalan, Kamran Diba, Charles Correa, Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi and Raj Rewal, this paper discussed the incorporation of the ideas published in the Habitat Bill of Rights within their private commissions for large scale housing schemes and master plans in their respective countries, Iran and India. More crucially, this paper argues that both events helped bring together these architects who later, in different capacities, played significant roles as members of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in fostering and promoting an alternative way of adapting modernism to industrializing countries.

  This paper reveals how the second Iran International Congers of Architects (IICA), held in Persepolis- Shiraz in 1974, and the first UN Habitat conference, held in Vancouver, Canada in 1976 played an instrumental role in shaping a discourse on the notion of regionalism in the design for human habitats, especially in developing countries. Building upon a brief analysis of the works of Nader Ardalan, Kamran Diba, Charles Correa, Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi and Raj Rewal, this paper discussed the incorporation of the ideas published in the Habitat Bill of Rights within their private commissions for large scale housing schemes and master plans in their respective countries, Iran and India. More crucially, this paper argues that both events helped bring together these architects who later, in different capacities, played significant roles as members of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in fostering and promoting an alternative way of adapting modernism to industrializing countries.

  This paper reveals how the second Iran International Congers of Architects (IICA), held in Persepolis- Shiraz in 1974, and the first UN Habitat conference, held in Vancouver, Canada in 1976 played an instrumental role in shaping a discourse on the notion of regionalism in the design for human...

  Mohamad Sedighi, Rohan Varma

  1231-1241

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• Post-war transnational planning practices

  While the communication of architectural/planning knowledge between core and periphery countries was intensified during the Cold War, it brought about new challenges regarding the relationship between imported ideas and the architectural culture of the host countries. The first master plan of Tehran, prepared by Victor Gruen and Abdolaziz Farmanfarmaian in the late-1960s, is an example of such cross-cultural dialogue, in particular with reference to the design of housing. This paper aims to examine how the first master plan introduced new low-cost housing strategy for the city of Tehran and how it affected the rapid marginalisation of the urban poor in the capital. Through a short review of the emergence of low-cost housing in Tehran since the 1940s and the examination of the two phases of the master plan, this paper seeks to unravel the complexity in the exchange of planning ideas from Western countries to Iran. In turn, the translation of Western ideas into domestic architectural vocabularies is examined through the changing local situation and the role of local mediators. The paper concludes that the privatisation of housing shifted the spotlight from state-led low-cost housing into the luxuries high-rise residential complexes which changed socio-spatial structure of the city.

  While the communication of architectural/planning knowledge between core and periphery countries was intensified during the Cold War, it brought about new challenges regarding the relationship between imported ideas and the architectural culture of the host countries. The first master plan of Tehran, prepared by Victor Gruen and Abdolaziz Farmanfarmaian in the late-1960s, is an example of such cross-cultural dialogue, in particular with reference to the design of housing. This paper aims to examine how the first master plan introduced new low-cost housing strategy for the city of Tehran and how it affected the rapid marginalisation of the urban poor in the capital. Through a short review of the emergence of low-cost housing in Tehran since the 1940s and the examination of the two phases of the master plan, this paper seeks to unravel the complexity in the exchange of planning ideas from Western countries to Iran. In turn, the translation of Western ideas into domestic...

  While the communication of architectural/planning knowledge between core and periphery countries was intensified during the Cold War, it brought about new challenges regarding the relationship between imported ideas and the architectural culture of the host countries. The first master plan of...

  Ellmira Jafari

  1242-1252

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• Emergence, evolution and mutation

  The Great Wall zone represents the largest area of land-use and land-cover change in China in the past 300 years, when the borders of agricultural production and settlement continued to move northward, forming the pattern of settlements we see today, realizing its transition from wartime to peacetime. Instead of focusing on the development of individual urban, how can we understand the evolution essence of settlement system, located in the transition zone between agriculture and animal husbandry, from the perspective of complex system? In this article, the distribution pattern can be considered as a spatial projection of region social order. Then, the fractal dimension of settlement distribution is calculated by GIS, so as to demonstrate the complexity of pattern. And then, characteristics and mechanisms of the settlement system in the Great Wall area during Ming and Qing Dynasties is further analyzed from 7 basic points of Complex Adaptive System. Finally, the idea of attracting basin can be used to make a further description about the process of evolution, namely structural break and non-structural evolution.

  The Great Wall zone represents the largest area of land-use and land-cover change in China in the past 300 years, when the borders of agricultural production and settlement continued to move northward, forming the pattern of settlements we see today, realizing its transition from wartime to peacetime. Instead of focusing on the development of individual urban, how can we understand the evolution essence of settlement system, located in the transition zone between agriculture and animal husbandry, from the perspective of complex system? In this article, the distribution pattern can be considered as a spatial projection of region social order. Then, the fractal dimension of settlement distribution is calculated by GIS, so as to demonstrate the complexity of pattern. And then, characteristics and mechanisms of the settlement system in the Great Wall area during Ming and Qing Dynasties is further analyzed from 7 basic points of Complex Adaptive System. Finally, the idea of attracting...

  The Great Wall zone represents the largest area of land-use and land-cover change in China in the past 300 years, when the borders of agricultural production and settlement continued to move northward, forming the pattern of settlements we see today, realizing its transition from wartime to...

  Haoyan Zhang

  1261-1267

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• Defining urban design in the Chilean context

  We intend to contribute to the understanding of the initial paths and penetration routes Urban Design and Urbanistic Project notions in the urban and architectural culture in Latin America. To this end, it focuses on the trajectory and intellectual work of a Chilean architect, Gustavo Munizaga, who was responsible for writing one of the first didactic texts on urban design in Latin America and did so contemporaneously with the first manifestations of the Modern Movement’s critical revision and the typomorphological approach in Chile.

  We intend to contribute to the understanding of the initial paths and penetration routes Urban Design and Urbanistic Project notions in the urban and architectural culture in Latin America. To this end, it focuses on the trajectory and intellectual work of a Chilean architect, Gustavo Munizaga, who was responsible for writing one of the first didactic texts on urban design in Latin America and did so contemporaneously with the first manifestations of the Modern Movement’s critical revision and the typomorphological approach in Chile.

  We intend to contribute to the understanding of the initial paths and penetration routes Urban Design and Urbanistic Project notions in the urban and architectural culture in Latin America. To this end, it focuses on the trajectory and intellectual work of a Chilean architect, Gustavo...

  Gisela Barcellos de Souza

  1294-1301

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• Windows Upon Planning History - Canberra

  The conference theme ‘Looking at the world history of planning’ is echoed in a statement by U.S. urban designer Edmund Bacon on the 1911 Plan for Canberra, which he eulogized as ‘a Statement of World Culture’.1 Bacon was referring to the way in which the Griffins’ plan incorporated elements of space design derived from cultural realms as wide-ranging as those of Europe, the Americas, and Asia. However, the plan and its transformation in modern and post-modern times have also been objects of fundamental cultural controversies.2 Enthusiasts and opponents have dug in their heels and fought battles of uncertain outcomes. The core research question here is how to deal with the complex and controversial nature of these perspectives. In this situation, the paper applies the famous ‘Windows’ metaphor from the preface of Henry James’ novel ‘Portrait of a Lady’ as a narrative device to the context of planning history.3 It concludes that the windows opened upon ideas and realities, myths and models surrounding the Canberra Plan and its transformations may help negotiate between opposing views, different paradigms and conflicting cultural positions as potentially complementary and at least enlightening.

  The conference theme ‘Looking at the world history of planning’ is echoed in a statement by U.S. urban designer Edmund Bacon on the 1911 Plan for Canberra, which he eulogized as ‘a Statement of World Culture’.1 Bacon was referring to the way in which the Griffins’ plan incorporated elements of space design derived from cultural realms as wide-ranging as those of Europe, the Americas, and Asia. However, the plan and its transformation in modern and post-modern times have also been objects of fundamental cultural controversies.2 Enthusiasts and opponents have dug in their heels and fought battles of uncertain outcomes. The core research question here is how to deal with the complex and controversial nature of these perspectives. In this situation, the paper applies the famous ‘Windows’ metaphor from the preface of Henry James’ novel ‘Portrait of a Lady’ as a narrative device to the context of planning history.3 It concludes that the windows opened upon ideas and...

  The conference theme ‘Looking at the world history of planning’ is echoed in a statement by U.S. urban designer Edmund Bacon on the 1911 Plan for Canberra, which he eulogized as ‘a Statement of World Culture’.1 Bacon was referring to the way in which the Griffins’ plan incorporated...

  Karl Friedhelm Fischer

  1302-1311

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• Planning for Megaevents, dual dedications of legacy and delivery

  Mega-events as ‘hallmark event’ (Essex&Chalkley 1998) are considered as a means of image building, and catalyst for urban economic regeneration and development through strategies of attracting global investment, high employment multipliers and local tax revenues (Owen 2002). Critics, however, emphasise that running a 'spectacle' and achieving local regeneration are tasks which are not easily reconciled (Eisinger 2000), since the consumers of the spectacle are mainly middle-class (Gornostaeva 2011), and the ultimate consequences of city renewal by means of sport/consumption-led regeneration will be gentrification, prising-out and displace local small businesses and the disadvantaged populations (Vigor, Mean et al. 2004, Cohen& Watt 2017). I suggest that there are common dynamics behind the controversy of hosting the Mega Events which has plagued almost everywhere in the world to a greater or lesser degree, as the contradiction between two concurrent and tacit conceptions of the Mega Events. Delivery: the conception that understands the games as a project that should get done on time and perfect alongside, and as the counterpoint, legacy, which conceives Mega Event as a tool of redistributing the benefits to the citizens. The combination of legacy and delivery or public-sector (gift) and private-sector (profit) in one phrase seems awkward at best and an outright oxymoron at worst, while can be only explained by the market base city development. Therefore, the aim of this paper presentation is to review and analyse the whole process of Mega Event planning and legacy building which has been set to deliver the whole event and engage the locals to the benefits, while reflecting them on recent urban discourses, and the theories embedded them.

  Mega-events as ‘hallmark event’ (Essex&Chalkley 1998) are considered as a means of image building, and catalyst for urban economic regeneration and development through strategies of attracting global investment, high employment multipliers and local tax revenues (Owen 2002). Critics, however, emphasise that running a 'spectacle' and achieving local regeneration are tasks which are not easily reconciled (Eisinger 2000), since the consumers of the spectacle are mainly middle-class (Gornostaeva 2011), and the ultimate consequences of city renewal by means of sport/consumption-led regeneration will be gentrification, prising-out and displace local small businesses and the disadvantaged populations (Vigor, Mean et al. 2004, Cohen& Watt 2017). I suggest that there are common dynamics behind the controversy of hosting the Mega Events which has plagued almost everywhere in the world to a greater or lesser degree, as the contradiction between two concurrent and tacit...

  Mega-events as ‘hallmark event’ (Essex&Chalkley 1998) are considered as a means of image building, and catalyst for urban economic regeneration and development through strategies of attracting global investment, high employment multipliers and local tax revenues (Owen 2002). Critics,...

  Niloufar Vadiati

  1318-1324

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• Crossing histories

  This paper examines how some pioneering planners in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, Victor Freire, Prestes Maia, Ulhoa Cintra, and Anhaia Mello disseminated and appropriated the dominant principles of international urbanism in the period 1910-1930. The education in city planning is directly associated with the repertoire of engineering courses and professional associations. In this environment, where public debates on urban issues were intense, it is worth noting the presence of English urbanist Barry Parker, who lived for two years in São Paulo, implementing innovative projects and debating with local planners. The access to urban planning manuals and reviews, and the presence of these Brazilian professionals in international seminars, led to the dissemination of the international ideals and some resulting essays on they way these ideals could be applied in many fields: urban regulations, projects in downtown areas, housing, sanitation, town extension plans, city management, zoning, among others. Contradictions among practices, actors and references are requesting a conceptual and methodological effort attentive to historical dimension of the “circulation” of ideals or their limits of intelligibility and reception in other scales of time and place, such as the one proposed in this paper.

  This paper examines how some pioneering planners in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, Victor Freire, Prestes Maia, Ulhoa Cintra, and Anhaia Mello disseminated and appropriated the dominant principles of international urbanism in the period 1910-1930. The education in city planning is directly associated with the repertoire of engineering courses and professional associations. In this environment, where public debates on urban issues were intense, it is worth noting the presence of English urbanist Barry Parker, who lived for two years in São Paulo, implementing innovative projects and debating with local planners. The access to urban planning manuals and reviews, and the presence of these Brazilian professionals in international seminars, led to the dissemination of the international ideals and some resulting essays on they way these ideals could be applied in many fields: urban regulations, projects in downtown areas, housing, sanitation, town extension plans, city management,...

  This paper examines how some pioneering planners in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, Victor Freire, Prestes Maia, Ulhoa Cintra, and Anhaia Mello disseminated and appropriated the dominant principles of international urbanism in the period 1910-1930. The education in city planning is directly...

  Jose Geraldo Simoes Junior, Heliana Angotti-Salguerro

  1325-1336

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• Succession of the image of the city in the movement for urban design by local proprietors in Ginza from pre-war to post-war

  This paper revealed the development of the movement for urban design by local proprietors in Ginza, Tokyo from 1930’s to 1960’s. Ginza Street is known as one of the first modern style streets in Japan. This street has developed greatly by modern buildings and advanced urban design methods in modern times and after although it has also suffered serious damage twice by Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) and bombing in 1945. Therefore, buildings and urban space have seen repeated reconstruction and renewal until today. On the other hand, if we pay attention to local proprietors, we can understand that they have developed the movement for urban design of Ginza Street continuously and succeeded the awareness of the issues toward urban space. So this paper finds a new historical context of Ginza through the elucidation of development of their movement from viewpoints of how the awareness of the issues and the image of spaces have changed.

  This paper revealed the development of the movement for urban design by local proprietors in Ginza, Tokyo from 1930’s to 1960’s. Ginza Street is known as one of the first modern style streets in Japan. This street has developed greatly by modern buildings and advanced urban design methods in modern times and after although it has also suffered serious damage twice by Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) and bombing in 1945. Therefore, buildings and urban space have seen repeated reconstruction and renewal until today. On the other hand, if we pay attention to local proprietors, we can understand that they have developed the movement for urban design of Ginza Street continuously and succeeded the awareness of the issues toward urban space. So this paper finds a new historical context of Ginza through the elucidation of development of their movement from viewpoints of how the awareness of the issues and the image of spaces have changed.

  This paper revealed the development of the movement for urban design by local proprietors in Ginza, Tokyo from 1930’s to 1960’s. Ginza Street is known as one of the first modern style streets in Japan. This street has developed greatly by modern buildings and advanced urban design methods...

  Takahiro Miyashita, Naoto Nakajim

  1312-1322

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• Urban planning for the Yamashiro hot spring by Eika Takayama

  Though the necessity of urban planning for tourist destinations in Japan has been acknowledged by some of the professors, little progress has been made so far. In order to contemplate the urban planning of tourist destinations for the future, it is necessary to review the history of planning for tourist destinations. It is also important to clarify how urban planners in Japan previously engaged with tourist destinations. Therefore, this research focuses on Eika Takayama, one of the greatest urban planners of Japan. It explores his works on tourist destinations. He was engaged with the Japan Spa Association and did three types of activities: 1) participation in the discussions held in hot spring areas; 2) a tour to hot spring resorts in Europe with members of the committee and; 3) the actual urban planning of hot spring areas. This paper mentions his relationship with the plans for the Yamashiro hot spring town. With strong demand for the development of tourism during the 1950s, he proposed to create a new town for development while conserving the historical and unique centre of Yamashiro. His idea contributes to the uniqueness of Yamashiro today.

  Though the necessity of urban planning for tourist destinations in Japan has been acknowledged by some of the professors, little progress has been made so far. In order to contemplate the urban planning of tourist destinations for the future, it is necessary to review the history of planning for tourist destinations. It is also important to clarify how urban planners in Japan previously engaged with tourist destinations. Therefore, this research focuses on Eika Takayama, one of the greatest urban planners of Japan. It explores his works on tourist destinations. He was engaged with the Japan Spa Association and did three types of activities: 1) participation in the discussions held in hot spring areas; 2) a tour to hot spring resorts in Europe with members of the committee and; 3) the actual urban planning of hot spring areas. This paper mentions his relationship with the plans for the Yamashiro hot spring town. With strong demand for the development of tourism during the 1950s,...

  Though the necessity of urban planning for tourist destinations in Japan has been acknowledged by some of the professors, little progress has been made so far. In order to contemplate the urban planning of tourist destinations for the future, it is necessary to review the history of planning...

  Ryo Nakashima

  1138-1149

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• Profile of Akira Tamura

  This essay is a profile of Akira Tamura (1926-2010), and an attempt to locate him in the contemporary history of city planning in Japan. In the 1960s Yokohama faced various urban problems accompanying its rapid economic growth. Ichio Asukata, elected in 1963 as the new socialist mayor, tried to solve them through the local government in an era when the central government’s power remained strong. Asukata then met Tamura, who was working for a local planning office, and asked for his assistance. Tamura proposed to Asukata a new concept for Yokohama as Japan’s ‘international management centre’, and the implementation of the Six Spine Projects, including the Minato Mirai 21 development. Asukata decided to invite Tamura to join the city government. Tamura worked for Yokohama city for over a decade, and his planning vision was inherited by the city’s officers. Moreover, his accomplishments have encouraged many planners and officers in other local governments. Tamura later lectured on urban policy at university, authored eleven books, and travelled to educate the public on city planning (or ‘machi-zukuri’). In short, Tamura was a leader and pioneer in the field of city planning as an officer of local government.

  This essay is a profile of Akira Tamura (1926-2010), and an attempt to locate him in the contemporary history of city planning in Japan. In the 1960s Yokohama faced various urban problems accompanying its rapid economic growth. Ichio Asukata, elected in 1963 as the new socialist mayor, tried to solve them through the local government in an era when the central government’s power remained strong. Asukata then met Tamura, who was working for a local planning office, and asked for his assistance. Tamura proposed to Asukata a new concept for Yokohama as Japan’s ‘international management centre’, and the implementation of the Six Spine Projects, including the Minato Mirai 21 development. Asukata decided to invite Tamura to join the city government. Tamura worked for Yokohama city for over a decade, and his planning vision was inherited by the city’s officers. Moreover, his accomplishments have encouraged many planners and officers in other local governments. Tamura later...

  This essay is a profile of Akira Tamura (1926-2010), and an attempt to locate him in the contemporary history of city planning in Japan. In the 1960s Yokohama faced various urban problems accompanying its rapid economic growth. Ichio Asukata, elected in 1963 as the new socialist mayor, tried...

  Chichiro Tamura

  4-12

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• The adoption and abolition of the local developmentexaction system by the city of Yokohama

  This thesis intends to explore the rationale behind the adoption and abolition of Yokohama’s local development exaction system (“LDE system”). LDE systems were independently and locally formulated by local governments in response to challenges they faced across Japan, and Yokohama provides a leading example of a functional LDE system pursuant to which land developers were required to donate land for public use as a condition of their receiving development approval from the city government. Ichio Asukata, the socialist mayor at the time of the LDE system’s introduction, invited Akira Tamura, a planner, to the city administration to solve the town planning issues. Japan’s new Town Planning Act of 1968 did not contain provisions authorising the exaction of land. Therefore, Yokohama became the first large city to adopt an LDE system in 1968. The LDE system was used as an administrative guideline which ran the risk of legal challenge by affected developers. After Asukata’s term in office, a succession of conservative mayors narrowed and reduced the obligations imposed under the LDE system and finally ended its use in 2004. This study presents some idea of how local initiatives can be implemented independently by local governments in a highly constrained fiscal environment without any support from the central government.

  This thesis intends to explore the rationale behind the adoption and abolition of Yokohama’s local development exaction system (“LDE system”). LDE systems were independently and locally formulated by local governments in response to challenges they faced across Japan, and Yokohama provides a leading example of a functional LDE system pursuant to which land developers were required to donate land for public use as a condition of their receiving development approval from the city government. Ichio Asukata, the socialist mayor at the time of the LDE system’s introduction, invited Akira Tamura, a planner, to the city administration to solve the town planning issues. Japan’s new Town Planning Act of 1968 did not contain provisions authorising the exaction of land. Therefore, Yokohama became the first large city to adopt an LDE system in 1968. The LDE system was used as an administrative guideline which ran the risk of legal challenge by affected developers. After Asukata’s...

  This thesis intends to explore the rationale behind the adoption and abolition of Yokohama’s local development exaction system (“LDE system”). LDE systems were independently and locally formulated by local governments in response to challenges they faced across Japan, and Yokohama...

  Toshio Taguchi

  13-24

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• The status and use of soft law in local governments’ management of urban development

  This research aims to analyse the use of administrative guidance such as the local development exaction system for collecting impact fees from developers in connection with housing developments from the viewpoint of “soft law”, as a collection of nonbinding social norms in Japan. It takes a brief look at the history of Japanese administrative guidance on impact fees from 1960s to 1990s, to identify how it contributed to public infrastructure development as a form of soft law in Yokohama. Furthermore, it considers the situation now faced by rapidly growing cities in developing countries and what they may learn facing a similar dilemma to that which confronted Japanese local governments in the past. Finally, it recommends more effective soft law for the management of urban development by cities in developing countries, and identifies challenges, some of which Yokohama experienced and others which it did not, which are likely to arise in developing countries wishing to make use of soft law such as local development exaction systems.

  This research aims to analyse the use of administrative guidance such as the local development exaction system for collecting impact fees from developers in connection with housing developments from the viewpoint of “soft law”, as a collection of nonbinding social norms in Japan. It takes a brief look at the history of Japanese administrative guidance on impact fees from 1960s to 1990s, to identify how it contributed to public infrastructure development as a form of soft law in Yokohama. Furthermore, it considers the situation now faced by rapidly growing cities in developing countries and what they may learn facing a similar dilemma to that which confronted Japanese local governments in the past. Finally, it recommends more effective soft law for the management of urban development by cities in developing countries, and identifies challenges, some of which Yokohama experienced and others which it did not, which are likely to arise in developing countries wishing to make use...

  This research aims to analyse the use of administrative guidance such as the local development exaction system for collecting impact fees from developers in connection with housing developments from the viewpoint of “soft law”, as a collection of nonbinding social norms in Japan. It takes...

  Kenji Asakawa

  25-31

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• A study of unorthodox town making by Akira Tamura

  This thesis intends to assess how Akira Tamura’s “Town making” vision has been passed down to and utilised by younger generations, focusing on the experiences of a study group in which Tamura’s successors have utilised his vision. Tamura promoted the group as an informal place to convey and understand the essence of town making, and insisted on the importance of flexibility in consideration of stakeholders. This thesis sets out to answer the following questions: (1) what are the key features of Akira Tamura’s town making that have been passed on, and (2) how can they be applied by town planners now and in the future? In preparation for writing this thesis, I conducted semi-structured interviews of 4 former Yokohama public officials and referred to documents in the “Akira Tamura archives” of Yokohama city’s historical library. This case study demonstrates that Tamura aimed not only to improve the law and revise the planning system itself, but to imbue urban planning with greater fluidly.

  This thesis intends to assess how Akira Tamura’s “Town making” vision has been passed down to and utilised by younger generations, focusing on the experiences of a study group in which Tamura’s successors have utilised his vision. Tamura promoted the group as an informal place to convey and understand the essence of town making, and insisted on the importance of flexibility in consideration of stakeholders. This thesis sets out to answer the following questions: (1) what are the key features of Akira Tamura’s town making that have been passed on, and (2) how can they be applied by town planners now and in the future? In preparation for writing this thesis, I conducted semi-structured interviews of 4 former Yokohama public officials and referred to documents in the “Akira Tamura archives” of Yokohama city’s historical library. This case study demonstrates that Tamura aimed not only to improve the law and revise the planning system itself, but to imbue urban...

  This thesis intends to assess how Akira Tamura’s “Town making” vision has been passed down to and utilised by younger generations, focusing on the experiences of a study group in which Tamura’s successors have utilised his vision. Tamura promoted the group as an informal place to...

  Atsuhiro Aoki

  32-39

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• Sense of dwelling in disaster relocation

  This study examines people's displacement in Kesennuma and Rikuzentakata cities in Japan during the last 6 years from the earthquake in 2011 in order to inquire the factors of the sense of dwelling in disaster relocation. By examining how the relocations of houses impact on people’s identity, what kind of social issues arose in the process, and how designing houses integrated with their community planning is essential to create a sense of belongings, it aims to explain how the idea of disaster relocation and social housing system should be reframed to adjust to the contemporary social issues. By comparing cases, I will explain how people keep striving to maintain their normal lifestyle, and how it is essential to create smooth integration between private and public space, and to help their own subjective engagement in the reconstruction of community in each stage of their relocations. In the era of displacement due to disasters, we need to reconsider the idea of house as the locus for people's identity and to reframe the idea of social housing and urban planning comprehensively and in process-oriented manner.

  This study examines people's displacement in Kesennuma and Rikuzentakata cities in Japan during the last 6 years from the earthquake in 2011 in order to inquire the factors of the sense of dwelling in disaster relocation. By examining how the relocations of houses impact on people’s identity, what kind of social issues arose in the process, and how designing houses integrated with their community planning is essential to create a sense of belongings, it aims to explain how the idea of disaster relocation and social housing system should be reframed to adjust to the contemporary social issues. By comparing cases, I will explain how people keep striving to maintain their normal lifestyle, and how it is essential to create smooth integration between private and public space, and to help their own subjective engagement in the reconstruction of community in each stage of their relocations. In the era of displacement due to disasters, we need to reconsider the idea of house as the...

  This study examines people's displacement in Kesennuma and Rikuzentakata cities in Japan during the last 6 years from the earthquake in 2011 in order to inquire the factors of the sense of dwelling in disaster relocation. By examining how the relocations of houses impact on people’s...

  Izumi Kuroishi

  55-64

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• Intentions and transitions of inhabitants in Fukushima

  The Great East Japan Earthquake was a scale of an earthquake that modern Japan had never experienced before. As a result of this disaster, prolonged evacuation orders were issued to wide areas, and even six years after the earthquake, there are people who still live in temporary houses because they cannot go back to the place where they used to live. This paper focuses on Katsurao Village, Fukushima Prefecture and aims to grasp how the dwellings and family structures changed since the Great East Japan Earthquake as well as the reason for these changes. Intensions as to the future location of their dwellings differ by the age of the members of the household or the areas under the evacuation orders. Young generations do not depend on the existing community, and they wish either to go back to their own old village or move to a more convenient place. It was clarified that many residents want to have a privately-owned house but that there is a small number of people who want to move to a convenient area and choose other types of dwelling.

  The Great East Japan Earthquake was a scale of an earthquake that modern Japan had never experienced before. As a result of this disaster, prolonged evacuation orders were issued to wide areas, and even six years after the earthquake, there are people who still live in temporary houses because they cannot go back to the place where they used to live. This paper focuses on Katsurao Village, Fukushima Prefecture and aims to grasp how the dwellings and family structures changed since the Great East Japan Earthquake as well as the reason for these changes. Intensions as to the future location of their dwellings differ by the age of the members of the household or the areas under the evacuation orders. Young generations do not depend on the existing community, and they wish either to go back to their own old village or move to a more convenient place. It was clarified that many residents want to have a privately-owned house but that there is a small number of people who want to move...

  The Great East Japan Earthquake was a scale of an earthquake that modern Japan had never experienced before. As a result of this disaster, prolonged evacuation orders were issued to wide areas, and even six years after the earthquake, there are people who still live in temporary houses because...

  Sayu Yamaguchi, Satoko Shinohara

  65-73

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• The four"I"s as key concepts in a re-examination of "Machizukuri" as an intrinsically vital element in urban planning for the post-urbanization period

  This paper discusses the word “machizukuri” and the versatility of its meaning through examining the interplay between “machizukuri” and statutory urban planning over the past sixty years. By tracing the history of the Japanese urban planning system, it can be seen that one role of “machizukuri” has been to compensate for areas of incompleteness in urban planning. As there has also been an institutionalisation process from “machizukuri” to statutory urban planning, the primary role of “machizukuri” has been to provide a constructive arena for collaboration on efforts to improve regional conditions. As “vitalization” has become the definitive issue for urban planning in the post urbanization period, the four “I”s, incrementalism, intentionality, innovative value creation and integrality of regional development, have been abstracted as necessary conditions for a revised and more readily applicable version of “machizukuri.”

  This paper discusses the word “machizukuri” and the versatility of its meaning through examining the interplay between “machizukuri” and statutory urban planning over the past sixty years. By tracing the history of the Japanese urban planning system, it can be seen that one role of “machizukuri” has been to compensate for areas of incompleteness in urban planning. As there has also been an institutionalisation process from “machizukuri” to statutory urban planning, the primary role of “machizukuri” has been to provide a constructive arena for collaboration on efforts to improve regional conditions. As “vitalization” has become the definitive issue for urban planning in the post urbanization period, the four “I”s, incrementalism, intentionality, innovative value creation and integrality of regional development, have been abstracted as necessary conditions for a revised and more readily applicable version of “machizukuri.”

  This paper discusses the word “machizukuri” and the versatility of its meaning through examining the interplay between “machizukuri” and statutory urban planning over the past sixty years. By tracing the history of the Japanese urban planning system, it can be seen that one role of...

  Keiichi Kobayashi

  77-84

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• Contingency and opportunity

  The port city and British colony of Hong Kong had from its inception been characterized by a capitalist ethic and by dense settlement on land hemmed in between hills and sea. Preserving public land for general recreation was rarely prioritized as a primary government goal. Yet in Hong Kong’s first century (the 1840s to the 1940s) several public parks came into being and were resilient, while others were compromised. The history of these parks reveals no overall scheme, but responses to contingencies, each shaped by moments when public interest necessitated preserving open spaces and fostering green spaces for recreation.

  The port city and British colony of Hong Kong had from its inception been characterized by a capitalist ethic and by dense settlement on land hemmed in between hills and sea. Preserving public land for general recreation was rarely prioritized as a primary government goal. Yet in Hong Kong’s first century (the 1840s to the 1940s) several public parks came into being and were resilient, while others were compromised. The history of these parks reveals no overall scheme, but responses to contingencies, each shaped by moments when public interest necessitated preserving open spaces and fostering green spaces for recreation.

  The port city and British colony of Hong Kong had from its inception been characterized by a capitalist ethic and by dense settlement on land hemmed in between hills and sea. Preserving public land for general recreation was rarely prioritized as a primary government goal. Yet in Hong Kong’s...

  Jonathan A. Farris

  88-96

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• Comparative Study about the City Planning Systems in Taiwan (for the Years 1895–1945) and Korea (for the Years 1912–1945) under Japanese Rule

  Some existing studies have argued that the City Planning Orders of Japanese colonies were more advanced than the City Planning Act of Japan. The grounds are the integration of building control and city planning, the open-space district and their continued use by the Republic of Korea and the Republic of China after World War II. However, urban planning and building control were included in one system only to simplify the procedure for formulating orders. Furthermore, the Republics of both Korea and China continued using them for a comprehensive policy and an emergency evacuation, not because of order evaluation. Korea Urban Area Planning Order of 1934 and Taiwan City Planning Order of 1936 were created from the City Planning Act of 1919 and the Urban Area Building Act of 1919, reflecting the operational experience of Japan. These acts and orders have been improved as a group. Case studies of modern city planning in Japan, Korea and Taiwan are valuable references to each other.

  Some existing studies have argued that the City Planning Orders of Japanese colonies were more advanced than the City Planning Act of Japan. The grounds are the integration of building control and city planning, the open-space district and their continued use by the Republic of Korea and the Republic of China after World War II. However, urban planning and building control were included in one system only to simplify the procedure for formulating orders. Furthermore, the Republics of both Korea and China continued using them for a comprehensive policy and an emergency evacuation, not because of order evaluation. Korea Urban Area Planning Order of 1934 and Taiwan City Planning Order of 1936 were created from the City Planning Act of 1919 and the Urban Area Building Act of 1919, reflecting the operational experience of Japan. These acts and orders have been improved as a group. Case studies of modern city planning in Japan, Korea and Taiwan are valuable references to each other.

  Some existing studies have argued that the City Planning Orders of Japanese colonies were more advanced than the City Planning Act of Japan. The grounds are the integration of building control and city planning, the open-space district and their continued use by the Republic of Korea and the...

  Goto Yasushi

  109-120

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• Planning a national park in lower Yangtze Delta, China

  Chen Zhi's National Taihu Lake Park published in 1929, is the first planning of our country’s national park. This article attempts to analyze the beautification and recreation of Chen Zhi's conception. The author starts with the development of the national park at that time and the practice experience of Chen Zhi, combing the Taihu Lake watershed’s natural and social conditions. What’s more, the author interprets the planning text of Taihu Lake from four aspects, including landscape resources, traffic system, supporting facilities, and construction of scenic forests. Based on this, this article analyzes Chen Zhi’s considerations of drawing lessons from abroad and integrating them into the local culture, pursues the relevance of its design concept with America and Japan, and presents the spread of national park’s concept in our country in the same period.

  Chen Zhi's National Taihu Lake Park published in 1929, is the first planning of our country’s national park. This article attempts to analyze the beautification and recreation of Chen Zhi's conception. The author starts with the development of the national park at that time and the practice experience of Chen Zhi, combing the Taihu Lake watershed’s natural and social conditions. What’s more, the author interprets the planning text of Taihu Lake from four aspects, including landscape resources, traffic system, supporting facilities, and construction of scenic forests. Based on this, this article analyzes Chen Zhi’s considerations of drawing lessons from abroad and integrating them into the local culture, pursues the relevance of its design concept with America and Japan, and presents the spread of national park’s concept in our country in the same period.

  Chen Zhi's National Taihu Lake Park published in 1929, is the first planning of our country’s national park. This article attempts to analyze the beautification and recreation of Chen Zhi's conception. The author starts with the development of the national park at that time and the practice...

  Tianje Zhang, Kailai Wang

  97-105

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• Yukaku (red-light district) and city planning in Japanese colonial cities in Taiwan, 1895-1945

  In 1895, Taiwan (Formosa) was ceded to Japan by the Qing dynasty. In the earliest period of the Japanese rule, a crowd of Japanese prostitutes immigrated to Taiwan, which opened an era when sex industry of both Japanese and locals appeared broadly in the cities. Then, aiming to solve sanitary and security issues, Japanese colonial government started to set “kashizashiki designated area (also called yukaku area simply)” in each city in 1896, and allowed prostitutes to do their business only inside the area. It also provided the rough location planning of colonial cities far earlier than other well-studied urban policies or plannings, such as the “city improvement plannings (shiku-kaisei)” started in 1900 and so on. Thus, in this context, these designations can be considered as the earliest “silent” planning of the Japanese colonial cities. After that, some yukakus moved to another location in the cities once or more, in response to city growth and progress of the “city improvement planning”. This study found that there were yukakus in 16 cities of colonial Taiwan in total, and the meanings and grounds of each location changed in response to the progress of urban planning or urban developing.

  In 1895, Taiwan (Formosa) was ceded to Japan by the Qing dynasty. In the earliest period of the Japanese rule, a crowd of Japanese prostitutes immigrated to Taiwan, which opened an era when sex industry of both Japanese and locals appeared broadly in the cities. Then, aiming to solve sanitary and security issues, Japanese colonial government started to set “kashizashiki designated area (also called yukaku area simply)” in each city in 1896, and allowed prostitutes to do their business only inside the area. It also provided the rough location planning of colonial cities far earlier than other well-studied urban policies or plannings, such as the “city improvement plannings (shiku-kaisei)” started in 1900 and so on. Thus, in this context, these designations can be considered as the earliest “silent” planning of the Japanese colonial cities. After that, some yukakus moved to another location in the cities once or more, in response to city growth and progress of the...

  In 1895, Taiwan (Formosa) was ceded to Japan by the Qing dynasty. In the earliest period of the Japanese rule, a crowd of Japanese prostitutes immigrated to Taiwan, which opened an era when sex industry of both Japanese and locals appeared broadly in the cities. Then, aiming to solve sanitary...

  Masaya Sammonji

  121-130

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• Living heritage conservation

  Living Heritage is characterized by ‘continuity’, in particular those historic places that are still a ‘living’ part of their community. In China, the mainstream of living heritage conservation is shifting from commodity-oriented renewal to culture-oriented and people-centred revival, which has obviously displayed in many planning practices. This paper centres on the connotation of living heritage and explores its applications approaches through two conservation practices in Nanjing, China. In the first project, the author conceived a brand-new way of protecting and revealing historic streets, named ‘Reflection Alley’. It treats the street as an open museum, utilizing current semi-dismantled remains, providing a stage for dialogues between history and modernity, endowing the historic legacy with a sustainable future. In the second project, a ‘Five-stakeholder Platform’ is set up to support the progressive revitalization of a historic district. Through in-depth community engagement, the design team have developed a three-phase planning guide helping locals to protect and repair their residences thus stimulating the vitality of community life. The paper provides solutions for the implementation of culture-oriented and people-centred revival through the interaction between tangible and intangible parts and the connections to community.

  Living Heritage is characterized by ‘continuity’, in particular those historic places that are still a ‘living’ part of their community. In China, the mainstream of living heritage conservation is shifting from commodity-oriented renewal to culture-oriented and people-centred revival, which has obviously displayed in many planning practices. This paper centres on the connotation of living heritage and explores its applications approaches through two conservation practices in Nanjing, China. In the first project, the author conceived a brand-new way of protecting and revealing historic streets, named ‘Reflection Alley’. It treats the street as an open museum, utilizing current semi-dismantled remains, providing a stage for dialogues between history and modernity, endowing the historic legacy with a sustainable future. In the second project, a ‘Five-stakeholder Platform’ is set up to support the progressive revitalization of a historic district. Through in-depth...

  Living Heritage is characterized by ‘continuity’, in particular those historic places that are still a ‘living’ part of their community. In China, the mainstream of living heritage conservation is shifting from commodity-oriented renewal to culture-oriented and people-centred revival,...

  Yiran Xu

  279-289

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• A historical review of foreign ideology in planning practice in Vietnam

  Within 2,000 years, Vietnam was ruled by China for more than 1,000 years, was colonized by France for almost 100 years, and was divided into pro-American and pro-Soviet Union camps for more than 20 years during the world's cold war. It can be stated that Vietnam’s political, social, cultural and other aspects contain deep foreign trails, the same as urban planning. The article reviews some foreign thoughts, their practices and their influences that appeared in the history of Vietnam. With limited historical data and imperfect research foundations, these papers aim to reconstruct a clue about planning characters and planning events. Based on the source of thoughts, this article summarizes the perceived historical information and divides it into four parts: China, France, the Soviet Union and the United States, presenting in chapters while focusing on an important feature of urban planning in Vietnam, which is the superposition of multiple dimensions of urban and rural concepts, construction techniques and concept technology of different cultures in the same physical space dimension. In the conclusion, the article will analyze this feature, explains how it has been formed and what kind of influence and effect it has had on urban planning since 1986 Doi Moi.

  Within 2,000 years, Vietnam was ruled by China for more than 1,000 years, was colonized by France for almost 100 years, and was divided into pro-American and pro-Soviet Union camps for more than 20 years during the world's cold war. It can be stated that Vietnam’s political, social, cultural and other aspects contain deep foreign trails, the same as urban planning. The article reviews some foreign thoughts, their practices and their influences that appeared in the history of Vietnam. With limited historical data and imperfect research foundations, these papers aim to reconstruct a clue about planning characters and planning events. Based on the source of thoughts, this article summarizes the perceived historical information and divides it into four parts: China, France, the Soviet Union and the United States, presenting in chapters while focusing on an important feature of urban planning in Vietnam, which is the superposition of multiple dimensions of urban and rural concepts,...

  Within 2,000 years, Vietnam was ruled by China for more than 1,000 years, was colonized by France for almost 100 years, and was divided into pro-American and pro-Soviet Union camps for more than 20 years during the world's cold war. It can be stated that Vietnam’s political, social, cultural...

  Dinh The Anh, Li Baihao, Ren Xiaogeng

  244-256

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• Reception of Città Ideale

  The concept of the Ideal City, as developed in Italy during the 15th and 16th centuries, has produced a significant number of treatises with texts and drawings, which, largely speaking, are theoretical rather than applied. Although new Renaissance towns were quite a rare phenomenon both in Italy and in other countries, a number of such towns were constructed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Two types of new towns were built according to their basic functions: the town-and-residence compounds were prestigious family seats combined with adjacent towns, while the “economic” towns were local trading centres. The fashionable ideas and forms of the Città Ideale were adopted by those towns’ founders and planners. Selected examples of Polish Renaissance towns are discussed in this paper. Apart from Zamosc (1578, designed by Bernardo Morando and often considered the most perfect Ideal City, and not only in Poland), other slightly less ideal though equally interesting townand- residence compounds are also described: Zolkiew (1584, now Zhovkva, Ukraine) and Stanislawow (1662, now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine). Three of the “economic” towns are also presented here: Glowow (1570, now Glogow Malopolski), Rawicz (1638) and Frampol (founded as late as c. 1717, although still of a purely Renaissance form).

  The concept of the Ideal City, as developed in Italy during the 15th and 16th centuries, has produced a significant number of treatises with texts and drawings, which, largely speaking, are theoretical rather than applied. Although new Renaissance towns were quite a rare phenomenon both in Italy and in other countries, a number of such towns were constructed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Two types of new towns were built according to their basic functions: the town-and-residence compounds were prestigious family seats combined with adjacent towns, while the “economic” towns were local trading centres. The fashionable ideas and forms of the Città Ideale were adopted by those towns’ founders and planners. Selected examples of Polish Renaissance towns are discussed in this paper. Apart from Zamosc (1578, designed by Bernardo Morando and often considered the most perfect Ideal City, and not only in Poland), other slightly less ideal though equally interesting townand-...

  The concept of the Ideal City, as developed in Italy during the 15th and 16th centuries, has produced a significant number of treatises with texts and drawings, which, largely speaking, are theoretical rather than applied. Although new Renaissance towns were quite a rare phenomenon both in...

  Maciej Motak

  232-243

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• Guangzhou as livable city: Its origin, inheritance, and development

  This article intends to explore the ideas and concepts that dominate the landmark versions of planning in a historical survey on the development of urban planning for the construction of Guangzhou. From the Late 17th C. to the Mid-19th C. Xiguan in Guangzhou witnessed the booming of the Thirteen-hong characterized by gardens and buildings in Western architectural styles. These characteristics constituted the architectural features and urban spatial patterns on both sides of the Pearl River, and caused the moving westward of the ancient city center to the Thirteen-hong Business District. After The Second Opium War Western merchants began their planning and construction of Shameen with Western planning techniques, which, together with the model of the Thirteen-hong, led to the urban modernization of Guangzhou urban planning. During the years from 1911 to 1948, the urban planning and construction in Guangzhou underwent a sequence of processes from simplicity to complexity, and from part to whole. There was also a process from the simple imitation of Western ideas and concepts of urban planning in Dashatou Island to the renovation of Guangzhou urban planning marked with road and park construction, This process includes the dismantle of the city walls for road construction in 1912, the prelude of modern urban planning of Guangzhou in 1914, the planning for network and city-round road and park construction in 1918, the idea of “Traffic First” in 1921, the regional studies and planning in 1923, the concept of functional division in 1932, the idea of implementing urban function division in 1920s and 1930s, and the transference from the initial techniques and measures to land management in 1937. After that there was the adoption of the "zonal cluster layout" along the Pearl River in 1984, the idea of the Planning of Urban Agglomeration of the Pearl River Delta in 1995, and the continuation of the “four land usage modes” in 2003. The idea and concept of urban planning for Guangzhou, thus derived localized from the practice of Western urban planning in the Thirteen-hong and Shameen, later underwent the municipal planning of Dashatou, the idyllic residential districts. The innovated regional green space in 2006, followed by the livable urban and rural planning in 2016, and up to the lately ecological city in 2018, all bear the marks of the early ideas and concepts realized in the Thirteen-hong, Shameen, and Dashatou. Therefore, it can be further concluded that the urban planning of Guangzhou, developed from the initial function of landscape beautification to the regulation of regional green environment of the Pearl River Delta, underwent finally a full process of imitation, learning, transformation, and innovation, resulting in an idea of green, open, and shared urban construction.

  This article intends to explore the ideas and concepts that dominate the landmark versions of planning in a historical survey on the development of urban planning for the construction of Guangzhou. From the Late 17th C. to the Mid-19th C. Xiguan in Guangzhou witnessed the booming of the Thirteen-hong characterized by gardens and buildings in Western architectural styles. These characteristics constituted the architectural features and urban spatial patterns on both sides of the Pearl River, and caused the moving westward of the ancient city center to the Thirteen-hong Business District. After The Second Opium War Western merchants began their planning and construction of Shameen with Western planning techniques, which, together with the model of the Thirteen-hong, led to the urban modernization of Guangzhou urban planning. During the years from 1911 to 1948, the urban planning and construction in Guangzhou underwent a sequence of processes from simplicity to complexity, and from...

  This article intends to explore the ideas and concepts that dominate the landmark versions of planning in a historical survey on the development of urban planning for the construction of Guangzhou. From the Late 17th C. to the Mid-19th C. Xiguan in Guangzhou witnessed the booming of the...

  Yanjuan Han, Yue Pang, Xing Jian

  262-272

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